Boyana Church博雅纳教堂

熊娟娟

博雅納教堂，是保加利亚13 世纪以来唯一一个保存完整、体现保加利亚宫廷艺术特点的文物建筑，被誉为“索非亚王冠上的明珠”，是保加利亚著名的东正教教堂。其古老神秘的壁画、独特非凡的建筑、赏心悦目的周遭风景无一不令人神往。1979 年，它被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录。

Boyana Church is a medieval BulgarianOrthodox church located on the 1）outskirtsof Sofia， the capital of Bulgaria. It isrenowned for its stunning 2）frescoes， whichare considered some of the most importantexamples of medieval Eastern Orthodoxart in the world. The church was added tothe UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979，recognizing its outstanding cultural andhistorical significance.

The church consists of three buildingsthat date back to different periods in history.The eastern church was constructed inthe 10th century， while the central churchwas built in the 13th century. The westernchurch， a residential wing， was added in the19th century. The frescoes inside the churchare the main attraction， with the oldestones dating back to the 11th century. Thesefrescoes are considered masterpieces ofByzantine and Eastern Orthodox art andare known for their vivid colors， detailedportrayal of religious scenes， and theemotional depth of the characters depicted.

The frescoes in BoyanaChurch are divided into severallayers， each representinga different historical period.The oldest layer， dating backto the 11th–12th centuries，features images of saints，apostles， and scenes fromt h e l i fe of Jesus Christ.The second layer， from the 13th–14th centuries， includes depictions ofhistorical figures and rulers. The Last Supper and the portraits of saintswere particularly renowned. These paintings of the second layer werecreated by an 3）anonymous artist in 1259. Despite the strict religiousconventions of the time， the artist boldly employed a more liberatedform of expression. The facial expressions of the figures in the frescoes，including the various saints， Carolingian figures， and members of theroyal family， are remarkably vivid. They are no longer mere stereotypicalidols， but rather portray individuality and distinctive features， displaying aclear sense of realism and bearing a striking 4）resemblance to local folkart. This represents oneof the most outstandingachievements of medievalBulgarian art.

Teeming with its artistics i g n i f i c a n c e ， B o y a n aChurch is also importantfor its architectural andh i s t o r ical v a lue. T h echurchs design reflects the transition from the Byzantine tradition to a more distinct Bulgarianarchitectural style. The church has survived numerous earthquakesand invasions over the centuries， and its preservation is a testament tothe 5）resilience of Bulgarian cultural heritage.

The church is surrounded by a beautiful natural setting， with lushgreenery and scenic views of Vitosha Mountain. Visitors to BoyanaChurch have the opportunity to explore the rich history and culturalheritage of Bulgaria while enjoying the peaceful and picturesquesurroundings. Its exquisite frescoes， architectural significance， andhistorical value make it a must-visit destination for anyone interested inexploring the rich cultural heritage of Bulgaria.

1） outskirt n. 郊区；市郊

2） fresco n. 壁画

3） anonymous adj. 匿名的

4） resemblance n. 相似

5） resilience n. 弹力；恢复力

博雅纳教堂是一座位于保加利亚首都索非亚郊外的中世纪保加利亚东正教教堂。它以令人惊叹的壁画而闻名，被认为是世界上中世纪东正教艺术最重要的范例之一。该教堂于1979 年被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录，以表彰其杰出的文化和历史意义。

博雅纳教堂由三座建筑物组成，这三座建筑物分别在不同的历史时期建造。東侧的教堂建于10 世纪，而中间的教堂建于13 世纪，西侧的教堂是19 世纪增加的住宅翼。教堂内的壁画是博雅纳教堂主要的景点，最古老的壁画可追溯到11 世纪。这些壁画被认为是拜占庭和东正教艺术的杰作，以艳丽的色彩、对宗教场景的详细描绘和所描绘人物的情感深度而闻名。

博雅纳教堂的壁画分为几层，每一层代表不同的历史时期。最古老的一层可追溯到11～12 世纪，描绘了圣徒、使徒和耶稣基督生平的场景。第二层来自13～14 世纪，包括历史人物和统治者的描绘， 尤以《最后的晚餐》和圣像画最为著名。第二层的这些画由一位佚名的画家于1259 年绘成。尽管当时的教规十分严厉，画家还是大胆地采用了自由的表现形式。壁画中的人物，包括众圣徒、卡洛林王朝成员和皇族成员的面部表情非常生动，不再是因袭的、刻板的偶像，而是有个性和有特色的人物，具有明显的现实主义色彩，且十分接近当地民间艺术，是中古保加利亚艺术最杰出的成就。

除了其艺术意义，博雅纳教堂的建筑和历史价值也很重要。教堂的设计反映了从拜占庭传统到更为独特的保加利亚建筑风格的过渡。教堂经历了数个世纪的多次地震和入侵，其保存是对保加利亚文化遗产韧性的证明。

教堂周围是美丽的自然环境——郁郁葱葱的绿地和维托沙山的如画风景。前往博雅纳教堂的游客有机会探索保加利亚丰富的历史和文化遗产，同时享受一派宁静和秀丽的风景。博雅纳教堂精美的壁画、建筑意义和历史价值使其成为对探索保加利亚丰富文化遗产感兴趣的人士必游之地。