Units1-2相似词语辨析

2008-08-26 11:27段瑞敏
中学英语之友·高二版 2008年7期
关键词:多指代词天赋

段瑞敏

1.discover, invent, find与look for

(1)discover“发现”,强调发现以前一直存在但未被人所知的事物。eg:

The islands were discovered by an English Army captain.

这些岛屿是一位英军上校发现的。

(2)invent“发明”,指创造出以前没有的东西。eg:

Printing was first invented by the Chinese.

印刷术是中国人首先发明的。

(3)find“发现”,与discover意思相近,多数情况下可互换,find比discover用得更普遍,偏重寻找的结果,是终止性动词。指重大发现时常用discover。eg:

She finds the film quite attractive. 她发现那部电影挺吸引人的。

Jack found a wallet on the sidewalk the other day.

几天前杰克在人行道上发现了一个钱包。

(4)look for意为“寻找”,多指寻找丢失的物品、人、地方等,强调寻找的动作与过程,是持续性动词。eg:

She looked everywhere for the necklace. 她到处找那条项链。

2.disease, illness与sickness

(1)illness和sickness是最普通的词,两者均指健康状况坏的某一情形,无论是长久的或短暂的,两词可以交换使用,但sickness可能更常用一些,它有时专指“恶心,想吐”。而illness的语义则比较通俗。eg:

The farmer was overcome with sickness shortly after eating the contaminated food. 这个农夫吃过污染的东西后不久就病倒了。

It is an illness that can result in total blindness if you leave untreated. 你如果不治疗,这种病可能会使你完全失明。

(2)sickness暗示暂时的不适,而illness则暗示较长时间的困扰,损及正常功能,而不是停止正常功能。eg:

Sudden sickness kept her in bed for two weeks.

突然的疾病使她卧床两星期。

Long illness makes his mother very miserable.

长期的疾病使他妈妈痛苦万分。

(3)sickness表示急病的原因是外在的,而illness则表示内部的虚弱与功能的失调,凡一切心理的病症皆可用illness表示。eg:

One of the reasons that cause the growing incidence of mental illness is watching unhealthy films.

引起精神病增多的原因之一就是看不健康的影片。

(4)disease病;疾病;危害。广泛适用于任何种类的健康不佳。指某种疾病时为可数名词,用来表示对疾病的通称时为不可数名词。eg:

Some skin diseases are difficult to treat. 有些皮肤病很难治疗。

The business of doctors is to prevent and cure disease.

医生的职责是防病与治病。

3.give away, give out, give in与give up

(1)give away意为“赠送,分发,丧失,泄露”。eg:

He gave away all his money to the poor children.

他把自己所有的钱都送给了穷人家的孩子。

His voice gave him away. 他的声音使他露馅了。

(2)give out意为“发出(烟、光、热等)”,亦作give off。eg:

The heavily-polluted river gives off a bad smell.

这条污染严重的河流散发出一股难闻的气味。

The sun gives off heat and light. 太阳发出光和热。

give out还有“耗尽,筋疲力尽”之意,此时不用于被动语态。eg:

Her patience finally gave out. 她最终忍无可忍了。

(3)give in意为“屈服,让步”。eg:

The rebels were forced to give in. 造反的人都被制服了。

Mary usually has to give in to her big brother.

通常玛丽都得让着她的哥哥。

(4)give up意为“让出,放弃”。eg:

She was so late that we had given her up.

她太迟了,我们没有等她。

4.work on与work at

work on和work at都可以用来作“致力于”、“从事于”解,相当于be engaged in,许多时候可互换使用。但在表示“克服(困难)”、“解决(难题)”“研究探讨”时,较倾向于用work at;在表示“致力于创作或制造”时,较倾向于用work on。试比较:

Its said that hes working on a new novel.

据说他在写一部新小说。

All the people who work on a newspaper must be able to work fast. 所有从事报纸工作的人必须活儿干得很快。

He liked to work at difficult problems in maths.

他喜欢做数学难题。

Then he started to work on the maths problem.

接着他开始演算那道数学题。

5.pass by与go by

(1)pass by意为“从旁边经过;不理睬,错过”。eg:

You should never let an opportunity pass by.

你不应该错过任何机会。

(2)go by“从某人旁边经过”,也可用来表示“时间的过去”,相当于pass;“受……指导”;“凭……判断”。eg:

After what seemed two hours had gone by/passed, she finally turned up. 似乎过去两个小时以后,她才出现。

6.go on doing, go on to do与go on with

这三个词组都表示“继续”的意思,但在用法和含义上有差异。

(1)go on doing指做某一事情因故暂停,尚未做完,再继续做下去。它还可以表示“一直做某事”。eg:

After a short break, he went on reading the text.

暂停了一会儿后,他又接着读课文。

(2)go on to do则表示某一件事已做完,再接着去做另一件事。eg:

He went on to talk about the world situation.

他接着又谈了谈世界形势。

(3)go on with是一个动词短语,其后通常接名词或代词作宾语。eg:

Please go on with your story. 请继续讲你的故事。

7.observe与watch

当“观察”讲时,observe相当于watch carefully,尤其用于实验或研究等场合。

observe可意为“察觉到”(see and notice), watch意为“盯着看”(keep ones eyes fixed on)。 watch可意为“观看(比赛、电视、电影等)”,observe没有此意。watch还有“照料”之意,相当于take care of,也意为“当心”;相当于 be careful with, pay attention to; observe没有此意。eg:

She has observed the stars all her life. 她一生都在观察星星。

They watched the games while sitting under the trees.

他们坐在树下看比赛。

8.match, suit与fit

(1)match多指大小、色调、形状、性质等诸方面的搭配。

(2)suit指颜色、花样或款式的适合,也可以指合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等。

(3)fit一般指大小,尺寸合体。eg:

The style of the coat suits you. 这衣服的款式适合你。

No dish suits all tastes. 众口难调。

The new coat fits me well. 这件新衣服我穿着大小很合适。

Roses clothes and hat dont match. 罗斯的衣服和帽子不搭配。

9.believe与believe in

(1)believe(vt.&vi.;)相信;信任;认为。有“信以为真”之意,后面可以接名词、代词、不定式或宾语从句。用于被动语态时,只能跟不定式结构。eg:

I just could not believe my eyes. 我简直不敢相信我的眼睛。

He refused to believe that his son was involved in drugs.

他不愿意相信他的儿子沾染毒品。

His story is believed to be true. 人们相信他所说的是真的。

(2)believe in相信;信奉;信赖。后常接真理、宗教一类的词。还可用来表示对人的信任,后面接名词,代词或v.-ing。eg:

He didnt believe in her honesty. 他不相信她是诚实的。

They dont believe in ghosts. 他们不信鬼神。

I dont believe in hitting children. 我不赞成打孩子。

试比较:I believe him.我相信他(说的话)。

I believe in him.我信任他(为人可靠)。

10.elect, choose与select

(1)elect选举(指通过正式手续);后接人及所任的职位。eg:

We elected him chairman. 我们选他当主席。

She was elected manager of the factory. 她被选为工厂的经理。

(2)choose选择,抉择,用途最广,指一般的“选择”;指“抉择”时侧重意志或判断力。eg:

He chose a book from the shelf. 他从书架上挑选了一本书。

You should be careful to choose friends. 选朋友时要当心。

(3)select精选,指在同种的许多东西中,仔细审慎地加以“选择”,并且按照一定的标准精选。eg:

We must select some for seeds. 我们必须选一些做种子。

11.injure, hurt与wound

这三个词都表示“受伤”、“伤害”。injure指在意外事故中受伤,如骨折,摔伤等。hurt可以指肉体上的伤害,也可以指精神上的伤害,多指抽象的概念。wound通常指因割、刺、打、撕裂等而受的损伤,特指战斗中的刀伤、枪伤。eg:

The player was injured in his right leg. 那位选手的右腿受伤了。

More than 300 people were heavily injured in that train accident.

在那次火车事故中有300多人受了重伤。

She was badly hurt at his words.=His words hurt her feelings badly.

他的话深深地伤了她的感情。

His leg was badly hurt(=injured) while playing football.

踢足球时他的腿受了重伤。

The bullet wounded him in the head. 子弹伤了他的头部。

12.talent, gift与genius

(1)talent n.才能,才干;天资,着重于“才能”,常用单数形式。eg:

He has a talent for drawing. 他有绘画的天赋。

(2)gift n.天赋,天才,着重于“天赋”,可以用复数形式,着重指某一方面较特殊的天生具有的天赋。eg:

She has a gift for music/for learning languages.

她有音乐/学语言的天赋。

(3)genius n.天才,指较高的,较全面的和最富于创造性的才能。eg:

the genius of Shakespeare莎士比亚的天才

a mathematical/comic genius数学/喜剧天才

13.accident, incident与event

(1)accident可表示“事故”的意思,通常指不幸的意外事件。它还可以表示偶然的事件。eg:

He met with an accident in riding. 他在骑马时出了事故。

Twenty people were killed in the railway accident.

在这次铁路事故中,有二十人死亡。

(2)incident的意思是事件,尤指与较为重大的事件相比显得不重要的事件。它还用以表示引起国际争端或战争等的事件。eg:

It is a quite common incident. 这是很普通的事。

The Lugouqiao incident occurred on July 7, 1937.

卢沟桥事变发生于1937年7月7日。

(3)event事件。是普通的用词,如作重大事件解时,在前面应另加形容词。eg:

It was quite a chilling event. 这确实是一件触目惊心的事件。

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