There be结构浅谈

王 珺

There be结构的基本句型是“There+be+主语+其他（状语、定语等）”。它表示“某时某处有某人或某物”。there是引导词，无词义，应弱读。There be位居该句型的句首。如：

There is a small village at the foot of the mountain.

要掌握There be句型需熟知以下几条：

1. There be结构中be动词数的确定。

be动词的数由它后面的主语来定。若主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词，则be动词应是单数is或was；若主语是可数名词复数，则be动词应是复数are或were。如：

There is a new dictionary in her hand.

There are a lot of people at the meeting.

如果有两个或更多主语，be动词一般与离得最近的主语保持一致，即“就近一致”。如：

There is a girl, two boys and some teachers on the playground.

There are two boys, a girl and some teachers on the playground.

2. There be结构中be的时态变化。

①一般现在时：be的形式是is/are。如：

There is much milk here.

Are there any boys here?

②一般过去时：be的形式是was/were。如：

Were there any students in the reading room yesterday?

There were some sheep on the road twenty minutes ago.

③一般将来时：be的形式是will be，也可以是be going to be。如：

There will be a meeting next week.

There is going to be a meeting next week.

3. There be结构的句型转化。

⑴肯定句变为否定句

①There be结构的肯定句变否定句时，需在be后加not。is not可缩写成isnt， are not可缩写成arent。

②这一结构的肯定句中有some时，需把some改为any。如：

a. There is a girl playing in the garden.→There isnt a girl playing in the garden.

b. There are some books on the desk.→There arent any books on the desk.

③There be结构中作主语的名词前有a（an）或some时，变否定句，可以把not a(an)或not any改为no。即：not a(an)=no， not any=no。

如上面a、b两句的否定句可以分别是：

There is no girl playing in the garden.

There are no books on the desk.

⑵否定句变为肯定句

①There be结构的否定句变肯定句时把be后的not去掉，将any改为some。如：

There isnt any ink in the bottle.→There is some ink in the bottle.

②如果否定句中be后是no+名词，改为肯定句时，根据主语的单、复数把no直接改为a(an)或some。主语为单数时改为a(an)，主语为复数或不可数名词时改为some。如：

a. There is no exercise book with her.→There is an exercise book with her.

b. There is no water here and there.→There is some water here and there.

c. There are no lamps in the room.→There are some lamps in the room.

⑶肯定句变为一般疑问句

There be结构的肯定句变为一般疑问句时，需把be提到there前，be的第一个字母大写，句末用问号。如果主语前有some，需把some改为any。如：

There are some apples in the basket.→Are there any apples in the basket?

其答语为：Yes, there are./No, there arent (any).

⑷There be结构的特殊疑问句

There be结构的基本句型是“There+be+主语+介词短语”。

①对句型中主语部分划线提问，其特殊疑问句应为：Whats+介词短语？如：

a. There is some water in the cup.→Whats in the cup?

b. There are 20 people in the room.→Whats in the room?

②＜1＞There be结构基本句型中作主语的名词如果是可数名词，对名词前的数词（one，three…）或相当于数词的词（some，a few，many…）提问，其特殊疑问句形式为“How many+可数名词复数+are there+介词短语？”如：

a. There is a radio on the table.→How many radios are there on the table?

b. There are a few students in the classroom.→How many students are there in the classroom?

＜2＞如果there be句型中作主语的为不可数名词，对不可数名词前的表示数量的词some， a little或短语a cup of， three bottles of…提问，其特殊疑问句形式为“How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语?”。如：

There is a little milk in the bottle.→How much milk is there in the bottle?

4. There be结构，谓语动词除be外，还可用某些含有“存在”意义的不及物动词或词组，如live， stand， lie， come， enter等。如：

There stands a bridge across the river.

Many years ago there lived an old man.

Then there came a knock at the door.

5. There be结构不能与have（有）混用。

①There be表示“存在”，have表示“拥有”。所以不能把There be中的be改为have。如：

There are five windows in the room. (√)

There have five windows in the room. （×）

②当have表示事物特征时，可用“主语+have”结构替换There be结构。如：

a. There are five windows in the room.→This room has five windows.

b. There is a book in my hand.→I have a book in my hand.