全结肠无神经节细胞症21例临床分析

2013-04-09 05:48曾甜李新宁石群峰罗树友苏乃伟莫丹
海南医学 2013年9期
关键词:细小神经节肠管

曾甜,李新宁,石群峰,罗树友,苏乃伟,莫丹

(广西儿童医院小儿外科,广西南宁530003)

全结肠无神经节细胞症21例临床分析

曾甜,李新宁,石群峰,罗树友,苏乃伟,莫丹

(广西儿童医院小儿外科,广西南宁530003)

目的研究全结肠无神经节细胞症(TCA)患儿的临床表现、辅助检查和治疗,提高患儿生存率。方法回顾性分析21例TCA患儿的临床资料、手术方式及预后。本组21例,其中男16例,女5例;年龄4 d~5个月。21例48 h内均未自主排出胎粪,主要症状为腹胀、呕吐。均行剖腹探查。结果16例一期根治术的患儿术后12 d扩肛,顺利出院,随访1个月~1年,1例偶有粪污,余排便可,发育正常;4例回肠造瘘术患儿,其中2例3个月至半年后回院关瘘,行巨结肠根治术,随访1个月~1年,术后患儿恢复良好,排便3~5次/d,生长发育正常。1例因经济原因至今未回院关瘘。1例行回肠造瘘,现已2个月,患儿发育正常,恢复良好,待关瘘;1例探查示回肠末端50 cm至全结肠细小,行肠造瘘,后放弃治疗。结论TCA发病早,病情较重,结合钡灌肠及术中多点肠管冰冻活检为早期确诊方法。分期手术较安全,但趋向于一期行病变肠管切除,并回肠直肠吻合术,不仅减少了对患儿手术打击次数,而且降低了患儿的家庭负担。

全结肠型巨结肠;外科手术;预后

全结肠无神经节细胞症(Total colonic aganglionosis,TCA)是先天性巨结肠中的一种严重畸形,在先天性巨结肠(HD)中占2%~13%[1],随着诊疗水平的提高,近年来有广泛报道[2-5]。我院2009-2011年共收治TCA患儿21例,现将治疗体会报道如下:

1 资料与方法

1.1 临床资料本组21例,其中男性16例,女性5例;确诊时年龄4 d~5月。21例48 h内均未自主排出胎粪,有胎便排出延迟(出生后3~8 d排出,其中18例经处理方才排出胎便),主要症状为反复腹胀、呕吐。11例插胃管可引出粪水样物。体查均腹胀,部分可见肠型,肛诊有裹手感,无气体喷出。腹平片表现为肠梗阻,21例钡剂灌肠显示结肠细小,24 h复查平片均有大量钡剂残留。

1.2 治疗21例患儿经术前检查、准备后均积极行剖腹探查术。4例患儿整段结肠细小、僵硬、未发育,远端回肠约30 cm也表现类似特征,术中根据多点活检,行神经节细胞正常回肠处造瘘;1例患儿整段结肠至回肠末端50 cm均细小、僵硬,取近端回肠行肠造瘘,后放弃治疗;另外16例探查示回肠末端20厘米以内至全结肠细小,一期行无神经节肠管切除,正常回肠直肠吻合根治术。21例探查术中均取小肠、各段结肠多处全层肠壁组织活检,病理证实为TCA。

2 结果

16例一期根治术的患儿术后12 d开始扩肛,顺利出院,随访1个月~1年,1例偶有粪污,余排便可,发育正常;4例回肠造瘘术患儿,其中2例3个月至半年后回院关瘘,行巨结肠根治术,随访1个月~1年,排便3~5次/d,发育正常,1例因经济原因至今未回院关瘘。1例行回肠造瘘,现已2个月,患儿发育正常,恢复良好,待关瘘;1例行肠造瘘,后放弃治疗。

3 讨论

TCA是先天性巨结肠中的特殊类型,为先天性发育畸形,其病变肠管范围包括整段结肠、部分回肠,总发病率为1/50 000,占HD病例的2%~13%,临床症状发病早,确诊较难,误诊率高,病死率高[6]。随着围手术期治疗和护理的提高,TCA总体病死率降至15.8%,在部分严重的患儿中仍高达35.5%[7]。本院同期共收治HD患儿400余例,TCA占5.3%。TCA临床症状发病早,多见于生后几周内,主要表现为出生后无胎粪或48 h内胎粪排出延迟、呕吐、腹胀、发热等。TCA为全结肠细小,胎粪淤积于肠道不能及时排出,可导致肠道细菌的过度生长和肠道黏膜屏障的破坏而发生小肠结肠炎,甚至巨结肠危象,极易导致肠穿孔。本组年龄4 d~5个月,患儿出生后48 h内均无胎粪排出,表现腹胀、呕吐,少部分患儿发热、昏睡,呈重度感染征象。造影前常规拍摄腹部立位平片,可见近端小肠充气扩张、有多个阶梯状液气平面,结肠无气体,直肠或有少量气体,要与胎粪性肠梗阻、肠闭锁、其他胎粪排出不良疾病鉴别。钡剂大肠造影可以帮助我们鉴别,本组患儿均行造影检查,少部分患儿有小肠结肠炎,可能有穿孔的风险,检查前已向家属交代清楚。但如果患儿有小肠结肠炎,不推荐钡剂造影检查。造影前避免清洁洗肠,以免掩盖真实情况。典型的造影X线表现为全结肠细小、僵硬,结肠袋消失,24 h延迟拍片结肠内钡剂大量残留。钡灌肠时动作要轻柔、仔细,造影剂要缓慢灌注,防止操作过程中肠穿孔。TCA患儿病变肠管长,洗肠效果往往不满意,腹胀难以缓解,洗肠后自主排便少。对TCA的诊断有报道采用直肠黏膜吸引活检,我们认为活检范围不能代表全结肠,直肠肛门测压也有类似原因。总之,通过病史、临床表现、辅助检查,术前洗肠效果观察等可基本诊断,但完全确诊还是依靠剖腹探查,术中可观察到结肠细小、僵硬、苍白无蠕动,结肠袋不可见,病变回肠细小,细小肠管近端呈漏斗状扩张。同时对可疑肠壁全层活检。本组21例均术中明确诊断为TCA。

如患儿没有严重感染征象,术前最好清洁洗肠,少量甲硝唑保留灌肠,以防造成腹腔、术口感染。特别是行一期根治术,术前洗肠后术后小肠结肠炎明显减少。TCA结肠细小,洗肠时应选择小号肛管插入,肛管上涂抹石蜡油,操作规范、仔细,防止医源性消化道穿孔。

近来,随着新技术的发展,采用不开腹经肛门结肠拖出术或腹腔镜辅助下巨结肠根治术治疗HD均取得了较好的疗效,国内同行也进行了相关的报道[8-10]。而TCA是HD中的特殊类型,以前的治疗原则多采用分期根治术,即先做正常回肠造口术,待发育3个月至半年后,患儿各方面情况较好后,再行根治手术。这样比较安全,但增加了患儿及其家属的经济和精神负担,本组2例已造瘘后关瘘,恢复可,1例因经济原因至今未关瘘。还有1例造瘘后因家庭原因放弃治疗。本文认为,对于围手术期准备充分,患儿能耐受手术、术中能确诊者,一期行病变肠管切除回肠直肠吻合术是可取的,不仅术后恢复可,且经济,安全。本组16例均为一期手术,远期随访恢复好,家属满意,国内也有类似报道[11]。TCA的诊断和治疗是对临床医生的一种挑战,其诊治过程可反映出小儿外科的水平,围手术期的精心准备和合理的肠外营养是成功的保证。本组21例,4例造瘘,1例放弃治疗(4.7%),16例一期回肠直肠吻合,效果较满意。我们趋向于一期行回肠直肠吻合术,不仅减少了对患儿手术打击次数,而且降低了患儿的家庭负担。

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Clinical analysis of 21 cases of total colonic aganglionosis.

ZENG Tian,LI Xin-ning,SHI Qun-feng,LUO Shu-you, SU Nai-wei,MO Dan.Department of Pediatric Surgery,Guangxi Children's Hospital,Nanning 530003,Guangxi,CHINA

ObjectiveTo investigate clinical manifestations,accessory examinations and treatment of the total colonic aganglionosis(TCA),and to improve children's survival rate.MethodsA total of 21 patients with TCA were studied,including 16 males and 5 females,aged from 4 days to five months.The clinical data,surgical methods and prognosis were analyzed retrospectively.None of them were voluntary defecation within 48 hours.The main symptoms were abdominal distention,vomiting.All the patients

exploratory laparotomy.ResultsSixteen patients received primary radical operation,and were cured with anal dilatation at 12 days after surgery.The follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 1 year.One patient suffered from incontinence of loose stool after 1 year.15 patients recovered excretive function and had a normal development.Four patients were dealt with ileum tubal fistulation,two of which received operation to close the colostomy and to perform radical operation on congenital megacolon defense after three months to half a year.The results were satisfactory,with the frequency of defecation between 3 times and 5 times per day,normal growth and development during the follow-up(1 month to 1 year).One patient has not returned and closed the colostomy so far due to economic reasons.One patient was dealt with tube fistulization via cristal ileum two months ago,who is waiting for closing the colostomy with anormal growth and development.One patient received intestinal fistula and gave up treatment later,because 50 cm of terminal ileum to the whole colon was small in surgical exploration.ConclusionTCA occurs early and does heavy harm to the child.The method for the early diagnosis of TCA is barium enema and the intraoperative rapid frozen biopsy from multiple regions of intestinal in combination.Sequential surgery is more safe than the one stage operation.But the trend is lesions of the bowel resection and lleorectal anastomosis in one stage,because it can decrease the operation times and reduce the economic burden of the family.

Total colonic aganglionosis;Surgical operation;Prognosis

R574.62

A

1003—6350(2013)09—1299—02

10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2013.09.0548

2013-01-01)

广西科技厅自然科学基金(编号:桂科自0991181)

曾甜。E-mail:zest519@126.com

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