我国家户贫困脆弱性的测度与分解

2015-01-22 04:58邹薇郑浩
社会科学研究 2014年5期

邹薇+郑浩

〔摘要〕本文提出了一种反向VEP的贫困脆弱性测度方法,以个人或家户在将来维持某一返贫概率之上的最小福利水平测度家户脆弱性,从而更好地测算了在不同水平基础上我国家户脆弱性值及其结构特征。对家户脆弱性变动和家户脆弱性差距进行分解分析的研究结果表明,导致家户脆弱性发生恶化的原因不仅是均值或方差的单向变动,更是两者的同等幅度变动;家户脆弱性差距的存在则是家户规模、家户支出和家庭负担导致的,其中家户支出是影响脆弱性强弱差距最重要的贡献因素,其Shapley分解贡献程度高达7310%!基于此,扶贫政策的制定应当有一定的区别。对于低收入家户,改变其结构性贫困的境地是最主要的,只有彻底提高收入水平或者完全控制不受风险冲击才能使其维持在一定的返贫水平之内;对于较高收入家户,事前预警和风险防范以及事后提供合适的风险抵御工具都可以帮助其避免陷入再次贫困境地。

〔关键词〕家户;贫困脆弱性;贫困陷阱;反向VEP法;要素分解

〔中图分类号〕F126〔文献标识码〕A〔文章编号〕1000-4769(2014)05-0054-12

为了考察不同因素对家户脆弱性差距及变动的定量影响,本文主要分析了两类分解问题:一是家户脆弱性的变动,即同一家户在前后两期样本中脆弱性发生恶化的原因;二是家户脆弱性的差距,即同一时期强弱不同的两个家户之间脆弱性差距存在的原因。对于前者,我们选取了在2004年和2006年两个时段脆弱性发生恶化的家户为样本,通过分解成均值变动和方差变动进行分析,发现导致家户脆弱性恶化的原因不仅是均值或方差的单向变动,更是由两者同等幅度的变动所导致的。对于后者,我们根据上下1/3分位数线为标准选取脆弱性强弱不同的两组家户为样本,通过使用Oaxaca分解法、Shapley分解法和Fields分解法将两组变量之间的差异分解为各种不同要素对于造成家户脆弱性差异的贡献度。从分解结果可以看出,正是家户压力方面的信息,即家户规模、家户支出和家庭负担导致了家户脆弱性差距,其中家户支出是脆弱性出现强弱差距最重要的贡献因素,其Shapley分解贡献程度达到7310%!基于此,扶贫政策的制定应当有一定的区别。对于低收入家户,改变其结构性贫困的境地是最主要的,只有彻底提高收入水平或完全控制其不受风险冲击才能使其维持在一定的返贫水平内;对于较高收入家户,事前预警和风险防范以及事后提供合适的风险抵御工具都可以帮助其避免陷入再次贫困境地。

本文对于家户脆弱性测度和贡献因素的分析应该还存在进一步扩展的空间。在数据允许的情况下,可以考察那些遭受了风险冲击的家户在事后应对风险的能力怎样,以及各家户面对风险的冲击程度与其应对能力之间的差距有多大;还可以将高脆弱性群体内部的结构性差异对家户脆弱性产生的影响做进一步的分析。

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〔11〕Chaudhuri, S. and G. Datt, Assessing household vulnerability to poverty: a methodology and estimates for the Philippines, mimeo: World Bank, 2001;Chaudhuri, S., Empirical methods for assessing household vulnerability to poverty, mimeo, New York: Columbia University, 2002;Dercon, S., Poverty traps and development: The equity-efficiency trade off revisited, mimeo, Oxford: University of Oxford, Department of Economics, 2003;Dercon, S., Risk and poverty: a selective review (or: can social protection reduce poverty?), mimeo, Oxford: Department of Economics, Oxford University, 2003;Dercon, S. (ed.), Insurance Against Poverty. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004;Dercon, S., Vulnerability: a micro perspective, Annual Bank Conference on Development Economies Paper, Amsterdam: The World Bank, 2005.

〔12〕Alwang, J., P. Siegel and S. Jorgensen, Vulnerability: a View from Different Disciplines, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, World Bank, May 2001.

〔13〕Christiaensen,L.J.& K. Shabarao, Towards an understanding of household vulnerability in rural Kenya, Journal of African Economies, 2005, Vol.14(4),pp.520-558.

〔14〕Hausman, J. A., Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 1978, Vol. 46(6),pp.1251-1271.

〔15〕Ravallion, M., S. Chen and P. Sangraula, Dollar a day revisited, World Bank Economic Review,2009, Vol. 23(2),pp.163-184.

(责任编辑:张琦)社会科学研究20145

〔8〕Chambers & Conway, Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century, Discussion Paper 296,Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.1992;Morduch, J., Poverty and Vulnerability, American Economic Review, 1994, Vol. 48(2),pp.221-225.

〔9〕Elbers, C.; J. W. Gunning and B. Kinsey, Growth and Risk, Discussion Paper TI2003-068/2,Tinbergen: Tinbergen Institute, 2003;Kochar, A., Explaining household vulnerability to idiosyncratic income shocks. American Economic Review, 1995, 85 (2),pp.159-64;Jacoby, H. and E. Skoufias, Risk, Financial Markets, and Human Capital in a Developing Country, Review of Economic Studies, 1997, Vol.64(3),pp.311-35.

〔10〕Dercon, S. and P. Krishnan, In Sickness and in Health: Risk Sharing within Households in Rural Ethiopia, Journal of Political Economy, 2000, Vol. 108(4),pp.688-727;Ligon, E. and L. Schechter, Measuring vulnerability, The Economic Journal, 2003, Vol.113,pp.95- 102;Chaudhuri, S. and L. Christiaensen, Assessing household vulnerability to poverty: Illustrative examples and methodologies issues, paper presented at the IFPRI-World Bank Conference on Risk and Vulnerability, 23-24 September, Washington, D.C., 2002.

〔11〕Chaudhuri, S. and G. Datt, Assessing household vulnerability to poverty: a methodology and estimates for the Philippines, mimeo: World Bank, 2001;Chaudhuri, S., Empirical methods for assessing household vulnerability to poverty, mimeo, New York: Columbia University, 2002;Dercon, S., Poverty traps and development: The equity-efficiency trade off revisited, mimeo, Oxford: University of Oxford, Department of Economics, 2003;Dercon, S., Risk and poverty: a selective review (or: can social protection reduce poverty?), mimeo, Oxford: Department of Economics, Oxford University, 2003;Dercon, S. (ed.), Insurance Against Poverty. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004;Dercon, S., Vulnerability: a micro perspective, Annual Bank Conference on Development Economies Paper, Amsterdam: The World Bank, 2005.

〔12〕Alwang, J., P. Siegel and S. Jorgensen, Vulnerability: a View from Different Disciplines, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, World Bank, May 2001.

〔13〕Christiaensen,L.J.& K. Shabarao, Towards an understanding of household vulnerability in rural Kenya, Journal of African Economies, 2005, Vol.14(4),pp.520-558.

〔14〕Hausman, J. A., Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 1978, Vol. 46(6),pp.1251-1271.

〔15〕Ravallion, M., S. Chen and P. Sangraula, Dollar a day revisited, World Bank Economic Review,2009, Vol. 23(2),pp.163-184.

(责任编辑:张琦)社会科学研究20145

〔8〕Chambers & Conway, Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century, Discussion Paper 296,Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.1992;Morduch, J., Poverty and Vulnerability, American Economic Review, 1994, Vol. 48(2),pp.221-225.

〔9〕Elbers, C.; J. W. Gunning and B. Kinsey, Growth and Risk, Discussion Paper TI2003-068/2,Tinbergen: Tinbergen Institute, 2003;Kochar, A., Explaining household vulnerability to idiosyncratic income shocks. American Economic Review, 1995, 85 (2),pp.159-64;Jacoby, H. and E. Skoufias, Risk, Financial Markets, and Human Capital in a Developing Country, Review of Economic Studies, 1997, Vol.64(3),pp.311-35.

〔10〕Dercon, S. and P. Krishnan, In Sickness and in Health: Risk Sharing within Households in Rural Ethiopia, Journal of Political Economy, 2000, Vol. 108(4),pp.688-727;Ligon, E. and L. Schechter, Measuring vulnerability, The Economic Journal, 2003, Vol.113,pp.95- 102;Chaudhuri, S. and L. Christiaensen, Assessing household vulnerability to poverty: Illustrative examples and methodologies issues, paper presented at the IFPRI-World Bank Conference on Risk and Vulnerability, 23-24 September, Washington, D.C., 2002.

〔11〕Chaudhuri, S. and G. Datt, Assessing household vulnerability to poverty: a methodology and estimates for the Philippines, mimeo: World Bank, 2001;Chaudhuri, S., Empirical methods for assessing household vulnerability to poverty, mimeo, New York: Columbia University, 2002;Dercon, S., Poverty traps and development: The equity-efficiency trade off revisited, mimeo, Oxford: University of Oxford, Department of Economics, 2003;Dercon, S., Risk and poverty: a selective review (or: can social protection reduce poverty?), mimeo, Oxford: Department of Economics, Oxford University, 2003;Dercon, S. (ed.), Insurance Against Poverty. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004;Dercon, S., Vulnerability: a micro perspective, Annual Bank Conference on Development Economies Paper, Amsterdam: The World Bank, 2005.

〔12〕Alwang, J., P. Siegel and S. Jorgensen, Vulnerability: a View from Different Disciplines, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, World Bank, May 2001.

〔13〕Christiaensen,L.J.& K. Shabarao, Towards an understanding of household vulnerability in rural Kenya, Journal of African Economies, 2005, Vol.14(4),pp.520-558.

〔14〕Hausman, J. A., Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 1978, Vol. 46(6),pp.1251-1271.

〔15〕Ravallion, M., S. Chen and P. Sangraula, Dollar a day revisited, World Bank Economic Review,2009, Vol. 23(2),pp.163-184.

(责任编辑:张琦)社会科学研究20145