The Mohism，Confucianism，Taoism and the International Learning Model〔* 〕

Wang Chuanyi

(School of Foreign Languages Nanchang Hangkong University，Nanchang Jiangxi330024)

Ⅰ．Introduction

There is always a regional academic research featuring mutual learning and contention of a hundred schools of thought in the thousands years of Chinese history．The large and unified regional relation has been formed，which has exerted great importance in the historical change and maintained the national cultural heritage and identification．The region of China has been stable since the Yellow Emperor times．All nationalities have been defined within the doctrine of the system of the Han Dynasty．View of learning and education is one of the major strategies of the regional learning model．

The theory of“the whole world as one community”and“supreme har-mony worldwide”has been gradually formed in the ancient regional relation learning model following the ancient abdication system and the moral code system of the Xia，Shang and Zhou Dynasties．The former is public relations theory which can be called the great unity of civilization;the latter is social field system which can be called cultural unification．The great unity is filled with harmonious yet different wisdom，while unification manifests mutual learning and mutual progress of peaceful development．China’s own civilization pattern has been formed on the basis of abundant folk foundation，and the peaceful rise of China is also supported by regional civilization．Mo －tse puts forward the result－oriented learning view，the Confucian school raises the learning view of constructivism and Taoism empathizes the historical and dialectical learning view of ecological society．These theories have not been discovered in the then international jurisprudence．The unity of law and feudal ethics and rites are the foundation of international relations，the significance of which lies in that understanding the learning process of acquiring knowledge will help interpret the behavior of the body of national relations，the interaction between bodies and the relation between governments．

Ⅱ．The result－oriented learning view of Mo－tse

The handling criterion of national relations of universal love，non － offence，mutual benefit and strong countries not bullying poor countries advocated by Mo－tse is actually the result－oriented learning view we discuss today，which mainly stresses the learning behavior conducted by nations to achieve certain aims，such as the prosperity of nations and gaining benefit by international cooperation．It features utilitarianism and is motivated by certain goals．

Mo－tse’s proposal shows that the vital interests between people and nations are mutual and equal．Another nation’s interest must be respected in order to safeguard one’s own nation’s interest．With the development of capitalism in modern globe，the interaction between nations in politics，economy and military has been constantly strengthened，and the mutual communication，cooperation，competition and confrontation have been extremely upgraded．It has become the major concern of all nations to elevate the status of the nation and gain advantage out of mutual competition．“Mutual benefit”is of great realistic significance in handling the economic relations between nations．Nowadays，the economic and trade contact between nations are all on the basis of mutual benefit．If we use unscrupulous divisive tactics to gain profits in the economic and trade contact and ignore others’interest，then others will surely revenge with same methods．In this way，neither side will gain profit．Therefore，both sides should acknowledge and respect the other’s interest in domestic and foreign trade．

Learning view of regional liberalism—Mo－tse maintains that universe treats all living creatures all the same and there is no difference between large countries and small countries．Knowledge，standards and belief are of great importance in promoting national learning，which realists totally ignore or fail to fully expound．They hold that the choice of national state actors are determined by both the restriction of external environment and structure and the knowledge of causality and the belief of standardability，all of which cannot be simplified as external material structure．According to existent documents，the research of regional liberalism mainly focuses on security community，regional unification and regional systems．Mo － tse holds that knowledge，belief and emotion are necessary for higher level of unification，and will promote the progress at the same time．The change of belief will not necessarily incur the change of action，but the process can be deemed as learning if the change of belief indeed incurs the change of action．He further points out that the implementation path of security community lies in the establishment of communication and contact．

In terms of the system of learning and region，Mo －tse clearly holds that one of the national disasters is“having no foreign aid”．Therefore，small countries should cooperate with other ones．Only in this way can small countries help each other and jointly defend enemies in case of unfair wars waged by large countries．

Ⅲ．The learning view of constructivism of the Confucian school

The Confucian school is always confined in the basic structure of system．The unity of law，feudal ethics and rites is always the basic guiding principle of establishing the foundation of estate society．Feudal ethics and rites of grass－root society plus the“principle”of national government constitute a series of rules and regulations．Therefore，the learning view of constructivism featuring the sense of compassion has been formed．All systems are determined by the wealth level of the grass－root society which supports the upper level．The Confucian view has been adopted as the guiding principle of international relations of many developed countries and areas after the Industrial Revolution．The Confucian view holds that human mind is based on certain material and social foundation．Therefore，human emotion and care are always influenced by certain historical development phase and social rela-tions．

The learning procedure of“harmony brings wealth”:well－ off society and harmonious society are defined by material level in terms of the constructivism of the Confucian school．Confucius bestows ideal“benevolence”to the moral codes of region．It can be said that benevolence is a regional essence which has greatly broken through the limit of the historical phase of rich and poor and become an appeal of basic society，which has laid the foundation for the basic identification of basic humane society in both east and west．Therefore，“a family prospers，then a country will prosper;a family gives away，then a country will give away;a family corrupts，then a country will corrupt;that is the way it functions．”

The Confucian learning view featuring tolerance and accumulation:the constructivism of the Confucian school refers to the“harmony”and“assimilation”，which are two different states of the existence of matters and their relations．There is a long history of the thought on“harmony”and“assimilation”among Chinese ancient scholars．Decent men must，out of the emotional foundation of benevolence，help their peer realize their dreams if they want to achieve their goals．On the other hand，if decent men do not want to accept the wish imposed by others，they should not impose their own wish on others，either．So far，Confucius has fully displayed the theoretical foundation and practical theory of the important thought of“harmony in diversity”．

The learning model of courtesy demands reciprocity:cultural choice mainly manifests as two mechanisms，simulation and social acquisition．Simulation refers to actors’learning from successors，thus gaining their identity and interest．Social acquisition pays attention to how to acquire actors’identity and interest in social interaction．Actors strengthen the identity and interest in accordance to the response made by others．

Development and learning that keep pace with the times:the Confucian school deems that regional constructivism belongs to evolutionary theory．The conceptual structure of national actors possesses the nature of social construction，which is the result of the communication and interaction between national actors．

全新欧陆GT敞篷版所搭载的仍然是一台排量为6.0升的W12双涡轮增压发动机，最大功率635马力，峰值扭矩900牛·米，由一台8速双离合变速箱配合主动四轮驱动系统传递动力，可在3.8秒内由静止加速至100公里/小时，最高车速可达333公里/小时。除了澎湃的动力性能之外，全新欧陆GT敞篷版的W12发动机还配备了一套“可变排量系统”（Variable Displacement System）。该系统在条件满足的情况下可以主动关闭一半的气缸，指定气缸的进气门、排气门、燃油喷射以及点火装置均会关闭，借此达到提高燃油经济性的目的，其官方公布的油耗成绩仅为12.4升/100公里。

Ⅳ．The historical and dialectical learning view of Taoism

The universally acknowledged implicit learning view:Lao－tzu is the first important thinker proving the historical development and progress in terms of learning．The significance of Lao － tzu and Taoism culture to the progress of Chinese ancient civilization and Lao－tzu’s unique cultural thought have greatly promoted the broad cultural mind of the Chinese nation．

The careful and responsible learning view:social learning exists in both rational field and moral field．Lao －tzu thinks that it is justifiable to say that learning exits in moral field，including the field of practical knowledge，interactive action and solving confrontation by mediation，which can be reflected in the mature form of social unification，namely new productive relations．Besides，only these learning processes can enable the application of new productive forces．

The clear learning view featuring modesty:Lao －tzu pursues peace，maintaining that all countries should be treated equally regardless of their sizes．People should abide by the common conduct rules to create a sound external environment of social development．Considering this，Lao － tzu puts forward some detailed social development strategies，such as“benevolence”，“frugality”，“inaction”，“contentment”，“conquering the unyielding with the yielding”，“accumulating virtue”and so on．

Ⅴ．Conclusion

Wang Tieya，the late renowned internationalist，once remarked that“it is still significant to look back on what Hershey said in the 1920s．He wrote that‘this book has aquatinted westerners with enough knowledge to broaden our horizon and make us realize that there are many things in the world that are not new，or do not only belong to Europe or western world’when he commented on International Law in Ancient India written by Indian scholar S．Viswanatha．”Today，Chinese scholar Zhou Zhenhao puts forward ancient Chinese regional theory．Chinese culture has formed its own distinguished function from ancient times to the rejuvenation of Chinese culture．We boast abundant resources of spiritual adjustment，strong ability to solve spiritual crisis，capability of defending religious erosion featuring transcendence of heterogeneous culture and the strong ability to digest and absorb the reasonable part of heterogeneous culture．

Notes:

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