含铷固体超强碱Rb2O/γ—Al2O3的制备及其催化酯交换反应研究

2016-03-05 22:18阳卫军秦明高刘世明��
湖南大学学报·自然科学版 2015年12期

阳卫军++秦明高++刘世明��

摘 要:以从盐湖卤水中提取的RbCl为原料,利用原位法和浸渍法制备了含铷的固体超强碱Rb2O/γ-Al2O3.以蔗糖为模板剂,以Rb2CO3及Al(NO3)3为反应物,原位法制备了Rb2O/γ-Al2O3.同时以蔗糖为模板剂,先分别以Al(NO3)3和异丙醇铝(Al[ CH(CH3)2]3)为铝源制备了介孔γ-Al2O3,再通过浸渍RbNO3溶液,制备了一系列的负载型Rb2O/γ-Al2O3.通过优化制备条件,两种方法制备的Rb2O/γ-Al2O3的碱强度均可达26.5以上,即为超强碱.把制备的超强碱Rb2O/γ-Al2O3用于三醋酸甘油酯和甲醇为模型反应物模拟生物柴油制备过程中的催化酯交换反应.得到了最佳的催化反应条件:原料醇酯比8∶1,反应温度338 K,反应时间4 h,催化剂用量w三醋酸甘油酯=6.0%,在此工艺条件下乙酸甲酯产率达98%以上.

关键词:铷;γ-Al2O3;固体超强碱;酯交换反应;三醋酸甘油酯

中图分类号:O643.36 文献标识码:A

Preparation of Rubidium Solid Superbases and Its Catalytic

Application in Interesterification

YANG Wei-jun,QIN Ming-gao ,LIU Shi-ming

(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ,Hunan Univ ,Changsha ,Hunan 410082,China)

Abstract:Solid superbases Rb2O/γ-Al2O3were prepared from rubidium salts separated from salt brine. Sucrose was used as the template, Rb2CO3 (prepared from RbCl) and Al(NO3)3 as the raw materials, we prepared Rb2O/γ-Al2O3 successfully by using in-situ method. In impregnation method, we first used sucrose as the template, Al (NO3)3 and Al[CH(CH3)2]3 as aluminum sources, respectively to prepare γ-Al2O3,and then a series of Rb2O/γ-Al2O3 with different rubidium contents through the impregnation of RbNO3 (prepared from RbCl). The base strength of Rb2O/γ-Al2O3 both can reach 26.5 or more, belonging to superbase prepared through the two methods by controlling the conditions. The prepared Rb2O/γ-Al2O3 solid superbases were used to simulate interesterification in the process of producing biodiesel by catalyzing triglycerides acetate and methanol. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows: the ratio of alcohol to ester was 8∶1, the reaction temperature was 338 K, the reaction time was 4 h, and the amount of catalyst is 6.0% of the weight of ester. Under those conditions, the productivity of methyl acetate was up to 98%.

Key words: rubidium;γ-Al2O3;solid superbase;transesterification

固体超强碱是指碱强度指数H-大于26.5的固体碱性物质[ 1].固体超强碱在烯烃异构化、酯交换、Michael加成、醇脱氢与缩合等反应中均表现出很高的催化活性.作为非均相催化剂,具有与产物容易分离,后处理简单,可回收重复利用,对设备腐蚀小,产生的废液少等优势[ 2-5],因而具有广阔的应用前景.然而,固体超强碱的常见修饰组分为碱金属钠、钾及其化合物或碱土金属化合物[ 6-8],以铷化合物修饰的固体超强碱很少被研究.

我国盐湖卤水中的铷储量很大,但是由于卤水中铷元素的浓度非常低,其它共生离子种类多、浓度高,从盐湖卤水中提取微量的铷存在很大的困难.我们课题组在前期研究中,已从青海盐湖卤水中提取出了高纯度的氯化铷[9-10].本论文以此氯化铷为原料制备出了含铷的固体超强碱,再以三醋酸甘油酯为模型化合物,以制备的含铷固体超强碱做催化剂,模拟生物柴油制备工艺中的催化酯交换反应,探索了最佳的催化剂制备条件和催化酯交换反应条件.研究结果将为合理利用我国盐湖卤水中铷元素提供一条新的途径.

湖南大学学报(自然科学版)2015年

第12期阳卫军等:含铷固体超强碱Rb2O/γ-Al2O3的制备及其催化酯交换反应研究

1 实验部分

1.1 实验试剂与仪器