虚拟语气高考考点透析

2016-03-21 06:16安徽吴元培
教学考试(高考英语) 2016年6期
关键词:条件句典例单句

安徽 吴元培

虚拟语气高考考点透析

安徽 吴元培

虚拟语气是通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的,表示说话者的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在。

一、高考热点

Group 1:if引导的虚拟语气

时间 条件从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式现在 过去式(be的过去式多用were)would /could/should/might+动词原形过去 had done would/could/should/might+ have done将来①过去式(be多用were);②should+动词原形;③were to+动词原形would/could/should/might+动词原形

【典例1】(2016北京卷,34)Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you_______(tell) me,I could have helped.

【解析】had told。句意是:你为什么不把你上周遇到的难处告诉我?如果你告诉我,我可以帮忙。根据主句谓语“could have helped”可以判断此句表示与过去的事实相反,所以从句谓语动词用过去完成时。

【典例2】(2014北京卷,34)We________(be)back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.

【解析】would be。句意是:如果你没有把地图丢了,我们现在就会在宾馆里了。根据主句中的时间状语“now”可知,主句表示与现在的事实相反,所以主句用“would +动词原形”。

【典例3】(2012安徽卷,31) Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she_______(live)there,she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.

【解析】were to live/should live/lived。句意是:Grace不想搬到纽约是因为她认为假如她住在那儿,她就不能经常看望父母了。根据句意,表示与将来的事实可能相反,从句谓语动词用“were to do sth./ should do sth./ did sth.”。

【注意】此外,这种表示假设条件的虚拟语气还可以倒装,首先将从句中的连词if去掉,把句中were,should,had提到主语之前。

【典例4】(2016浙江卷,15,单句改错)Have the governments and scientists not worked together,AIDS-related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.

【解析】把have改为had。句意是:如果各国政府和科学家不合作的话,与艾滋病有关的死亡人数自从2005年已达到死亡最高峰就不会下降。根据题干中的“would not have fallen”可知,主句是对过去的虚拟,所以从句用“if the governments and scientists had not worked together”,与主句保持一致。if引导的虚拟条件句中含有had时,可将if省去,将had提前至主语之前,构成倒装结构。

【典例5】(2014福建卷,32)_______there no modern telecommunications,we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.

【解析】Were。根据主句谓语“would+动词原形”以及句意可知,表示对现在情况的虚拟,条件句中谓语用过去式,将连词if去掉,则把were提到主语之前。

Group 2:含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不是以条件从句的形式表现出来,而是通过暗含着含蓄条件with,without,but,but for,but that,or,otherwise等引起的短语或句子来代替if引导的虚拟条件句。

时间 谓语动词形式with/without/ but for...现在 would/could+动词原形过去 would/could+have done

【典例6】(2015重庆卷,7)Without his wartime experiences,Hemingway_______(write) his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.

【解析】wouldn’t have written。句意是:要是没有战争的经历,海明威就不可能写出著名的小说《永别了,武器》。根据句中“without his wartime experiences”可知,描述的情况是对过去情况的虚拟,故主句谓语用wouldn’t have written。

【典例7】(2015安徽卷,32) It is lucky we booked a room,or we________(have) nowhere to stay now.

【解析】would have。句意是:很幸运我们订了一个房间,否则我们现在就无处可住了。or引导含蓄虚拟条件句,相当于“If we hadn’t booked a room,we would have nowhere to stay now.”。根据句中的“now”可知,是对现在情况的虚拟,因此用“would+动词原形”。

【典例8】(2012福建卷,31)We lost our way in that small village,otherwise we_______(visit) more places of interest yesterday.

【解析】would have visited。根据句中的时间状语“yesterday”可知,本题是对过去情况的虚拟,前一分句表示“我们在那个小山村迷路了”这一过去的客观事实,otherwise后接的分句是对过去的虚拟,因此用“would have visited”。

【典例9】(2011江西卷,28)We________(put)John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.

【解析】would have put。but for相当于without,可与if引导的虚拟条件句互换,由句意可知,是与过去事实相反,所以用“would+ have done”,表示“过去会做了某事”。

【注意】without/ but for...=were it not for sth./had it not been for sth.要不是,若非

Group 3:wish(if only,as if/though)

现在 过去式过去 had done将来 would/could+动词原形时间 谓语动词形式wish(if only,as if/though)

1.wish+宾语从句

【典例10】(2015陕西卷,23)Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish ____I____(dance) as well as her.

【解析】danced。句意是:Ellen是一个很棒的舞蹈演员。但愿我能和她跳得一样好。wish后接的宾语从句应用虚拟语气,表示与现在的事实相反,从句谓语动词用过去式。

【典例11】(2015天津卷,13,单句改错)I wish I were at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.

【解析】把were改为had been。句意是:上周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼,但那时我在纽约出差。根据句意与句中的时间状语“last Tuesday”可知,表示的是与过去事实相反的愿望,应用had done。

2.if only+陈述句。常用虚拟语气,表示愿望,意为“要是……就好了”。“if only+句子”相当于“How I wish+ that-clause”

【典例12】(2001上海卷,单句改错)If only he lay quietly as the doctor instructed,he would not suffer so much now.

【解析】把lay改为had lain。句意是:要是他按照医生的指导静静地躺在床上,现在他就不会遭受如此多的痛苦了。根据语境,此句表示过去不能实现的愿望,因此用had done。

3.在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中,常用虚拟语气

【典例13】(2014重庆卷,13,单句改错)It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I did it?

【解析】把did改为had done。句意为:打破玻璃的是John,为什么你找我谈话,好像是我打破了玻璃一样。根据前一句中的“was”可知,打破玻璃是过去发生的事情,表示与过去事实相反,所以as if引导的方式状语从句谓语应用had done。

【典例14】(2012北京卷,35)Don’t handle the vase as if it________(be) made of steel.

【解析】were。根据语境可知,as if引导的状语从句表示的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,从句谓语动词应用过去式,如果谓语动词是be动词,应使用were。

【注意】as if/as though引导的从句中有时用陈述语气,这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或者可能被设想为真实的。

Look at the dark clouds.It looks as if it’s going to rain!看看那些乌云,天看起来好像要下雨了!

Group 4:would rather

时间 从句谓语动词形式would rather 现在/将来 过去式过去 had done

【典例15】(2014陕西卷,23,单句改错)We would rather our daughter had stayed at home with us,but it is her choice,and she is not a child any longer.

【解析】去掉had。“would rather”后接的从句用虚拟语气,根据后一分句中的“is”可知,第一个分句表示与现在的时间相反,从句谓语动词用过去式。

Group 5:should型

1.宾语从句

一个坚持(insist),两个命令(order,command),三个要求(demand,request,require),四个建议(suggest,advise,propose,recommend)与desire(希望,渴望)等动词后接的宾语从句,从句谓语动词用“(should) do”形式。

【典例16】(2016全国卷Ⅱ,单句改错)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.

【解析】删除can或把can改为should。句意是:一些同班同学建议我们去附近的景点。suggest表示“建议”,后面的宾语从句应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。所以本句可以删除can或把can改为should。

【注意】suggest作“建议”讲时,从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略;suggest意为“表明、暗示”时,从句不用虚拟语气;insist作“坚持要求”讲时,从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should do”形式,should可以省略;insist作“坚持认为/说”讲时,从句不用虚拟语气。

【典例17】(单句改错)All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he be badly wounded and that he be operated on at once.

【解析】把第一个be改为was。句意是:医院里所有的医生都坚称他受了重伤,并且坚决要求马上给他做手术。insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气;insist作“坚持要求”讲时,从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should do”形式,should可以省略。

【典例18】(2013浙江卷,8)Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam_______(be) at the age of six months old.

【解析】(should) be。recommend表示“建议”,且后接宾语从句时,从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。

2.主语从句

在主语从句“It is necessary/important/essential/strange/ unusual/natural/surprising/suggested/required/ordered/a pity/a shame/no wonder+that从句”结构中,that从句谓语动词用“(should)do”的虚拟语气形式。

【典例19】(2004广东卷,单句改错)In this country it is required that anyone who have recently come here have to pass this kind of test.

【解析】把第一个have改为has。由that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气,而这个主语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句,定语从句不能用虚拟语气。此外,定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与其前的先行词“anyone”保持一致,所以定语从句谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。

3.表语从句和同位语从句

在order,command; demand,request,requirement; advice,suggestion,recommendation,proposal,plan,idea等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中,谓语动词用“(should) do”形式。

【典例20】(单句改错)After my effort,I at last persuaded him into taking my advice that he was operated on at once.

【解析】把was改为(should) be。 advice作“要求”讲时,后接的同位语从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should do”形式,should可以省略。

Group 6:“It is(about/high) time+ that-clause”结构

从句谓语动词形式It is(about/high)time+that-clause...过去式should+动词原形(should不可省略)

【典例21】(2012辽宁卷,单句改错)Jack is a great talker.It’s high time that he do something instead of just talking.

【解析】把 do改为did或在do前加should。在句型“It’s high/about time that...”中,从句的谓语动词用过去式或“should do”,但should不可省略。

二、高考易混点

1.错综时间条件句

有时条件从句与主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差,这时应按各自动作的时间搭配来调整相应的结构形式。

【典例22】(2013天津卷,14,单句改错) If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before,he would have been able to speak it much better now.

【解析】把have been改为be。此题是由if引导的虚拟条件句。根据从句时间状语“before”可知,从句表示与过去的事实相反,所以从句谓语用had done;根据主句的时间状语“now”可知,主句表示与现在的事实相反,因此主句谓语用“would/ could/ might/ should+动词原形”。

【典例23】(2013北京卷,34,单句改错)If we booked a table earlier,we couldn’t be standing here in a queue.

【解析】在booked前加had。根据语境可知,这是个错综虚拟条件句。从句表示与过去的事实相反,主句表示与现在的事实相反,所以从句谓语应用had done。

2.虚实错综句

所谓“虚实错综句”,是指虚拟现象与客观事实错综交织在一起的句子,这就要我们细心判断哪一处应使用虚拟语气,哪一处应使用陈述语气。

【典例24】(2013安徽卷,28,单句改错)I would go to my cousin’s birthday party last night,but I was not available.

【解析】把go改为have gone。这是由but引导的虚实条件句,根据句中的时间“last night”可知,第一个分句表示与过去的事实相反,所以用“would+have done sth.”表示过去本来会干某事而实际上没有做到;而第二个分句是陈述过去的事实,而不是虚拟语气。句意是:昨晚我本想要去参加我表亲的生日聚会,但我没空。

【典例25】(2012北京卷,33,单句改错)We could face the difficulty together,but why didn’t you tell me?

【解析】把face改为have faced。句中“but why didn’t you tell me”表示过去的真实情况,而第一个分句表示与过去的事实相反,是对过去情况的虚拟,表示“过去本来能够做某事”之意,所以用“主语+should/would/ could/ might+ have done”。句意是:我们本来能够一起面对这个困难,但是为什么你不告诉我呢?

【巩固性练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1.Jane’s pale face suggested that she________(be)ill,and her parents suggested that she_______(have) a medical examination.

2.The man’s suggestion that we_______(try) once more is a great encouragement to us.

3.The constant rise of meat price requires that effective measures________(take) by the government.

4.Had it not been for my teacher’s help,I________(win) the first place in the English Oral competition.

5.You are late.If you_______(come) a few minutes earlier,you would have caught the train.

6.If only the committee_______(approve) the new environmental regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.

7._______he_______(be)here yesterday,he would attend the lecture with us today.

8.If we had taken such effective measures much earlier,the river_______(not pollute) so seriously now.

9.Id’ rather that you_______(go)there yesterday and ________(come) again next weekend.

10.It was lucky that little Jack was not at home when the fire broke out; otherwise,he________(lose) his life.

【参考答案】

1.was;(should)have 2(.should)try 3(.should)be taken 4.wouldnt’ have won 5.had come 6.would approve 7.Had;been或If;had been 8.would not be polluted 9.had gone;came 10.would have lost

(作者单位:安徽省枞阳县钱桥中学)

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