动词不定式考点面面观

王标

动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式。其结构是“to+动词原形”，否定形式为“not+to+动词原形”。动词不定式在句中不充当谓语，不受主语的限制，但有时态和语态的变化。动词不定式是全国各地区中考的必考点之一。现结合最近几年的中考真题，全面梳理动词不定式的考点。

一、动词不定式做主语

1.动词不定式直接做主语。如：

To swim in the river is dangerous.在河里游泳是很危险的。

To ask the teacher for help is necessary.向老师寻求帮助是有必要的。

2.下列特殊句型中的动词不定式做真实主语。

“It is+adj.+for sb.to do sth.”意为“做某事对某人来说是……的”。其中句中的形容词多为描述性的词语，不对人或物的品格进行评价，如difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，impossible等。

【典例1】（2015年雅安卷）It is important____ people____good manners.

A.for；to learn

B.of；to learn

C.for；learn

D.of；learn

【解析】A。句中的important是描述性形容词，因此用介词for，后接动词不定式做真实主语。故选A。

“It is+adj.+of sb.to do sth.”意为“做某事对某人来说是……的”。其中句中的形容词用于描述人的性格、品质，如kind，good，mce，right，wrong，clever，careless，polite，foolish等。

【典例2】（2012年钦州卷）-Let me help you carry the box，Granny.

-Thank you，Li Lei.It's very mce____you____me.

A.of；to help

B.for；to help

C.of；helping

D.for；helping

【解析】A。句中的形容词mce是表示人的品质的形容词，因此后接介词ofoof后面的动词不定式做句子的真实主语。故选A。

3."It's a/one's+n.（task/duty/job）…+to do sth.”意为“做某事是……的任务/职责/工作”。如：

It's my duty to save patients.治病救人是我的职责。

【典例3】（2014年龙东卷）-It's our duty____our city clean and beautiful.

-Yes.We should do something for it.

A.to keep

B.keep

C.keeping

【解析】A。考查“It's one's+n.+动词不定式”的用法。故选A。

二、动词不定式做表语

动词不定式做表语，一般用于be动词或seem等系表动词后面。主语通常是wish，idea，works，task，job，aim等词。如：

My work is to clean the room every day.我的工作是每天打扫房间。

He seemed to have heard nothing.他似乎什么也没有听到。

三、动词不定式做宾语

动词不定式做宾语是中考常考点之一，其用法分为两种情况：

1.一些动词必须接动词不定式做宾语，这类动词有want（想要），decide（决定），ask（问、寻求），learn（学习），tell（告诉），teach（教、讲授），hope（希望），plan（计划），refuse（拒绝），expect（期待、期望），afford（负担得起），warn（警告），invite（邀请）等。

【典例4】（2015年遂宁卷）They decided____a bridge over the river.

A.build

B.to build

C.building

【解析】B。decide to do sth.意为“决定去做某事”。

【典例5】（2014年扬州卷）-Some childrencan't afford____necessary stationary.

-Let's donate our pocket money to them.

A.buy

B.buying

C.to buy

D.be bought

【解析】C。afford to do sth.意为“有能力去做某事”。故选C。

2.think，find，feel，make，believe等动词可用于”v.+it+adj.+to do sth.”结构。在此句型中，it做形式宾语，而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。

【典例6】（2015年齐齐哈尔卷）I found____not very easy____to ride a bike.

A.that；learn

B.it；to learn

C.that；to learn

【解析】B。句意为：我发现学骑自行车不是很容易。found后用it做形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式，故选B。

四、动词不定式做宾语补足语

后接动词不定式做宾语补足语的动词也分为两种情况：

1.后接带to的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有ask，want，tell，wish，would like，teach，in-vite，advise，allow，order，encourage，warn等。

【典例7】（2015年上海卷）My friend invitedme____the art club，and I accepted it with pleasure.

A.join

B.to join

C.joined

D.joining

【解析】Boinvite sb.to do sth.意为“邀请某人做某事”。故选B。

【典例8】（2015年呼和浩特卷）Mr.Smith told his son____the football match because of the exam.

A.not to watch

B.to not watch

C.not watching

D.doesn't watch

【解析】A。tell sb.not to do sth.意为“告诉某人不要做某事”。故选A。

2.后接省略to的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有：一感（feel）；二听（hear，listen to）；三使（make，let，have）；四看（see，watch，notice，look at）”。但要注意的是：在被动语态结构中，应还原动词不定式符号to。

【典例9】（2015年临沂卷）What happens when you hear a strange noise at night，or find a big spider in the corner of your bedroom？It often makes us____.

A.jump

B.to jump

C.jumping

D.jumped

【解析】Aomake sb.do sth.意为“使某人做某事”。

【典例10】（2015年邵阳卷）The girl was made____her brother's clothes.

A.to wash

B.wash

C.washing

【解析】Aomake sb.do sth.意为“使某人做某事”，用于被动语态时，省去的不定式符号to要加上，故选A。

五、动词不定式做定语

1.动词不定式做定语时位于被修饰词语之后，做后置定语。

【典例11】（2014年漳州卷）-We don't have enough money for our field trip.What shallwe do？

-The best way____money is to sell news-papers.

A.raise

B.to raise

C.raising

【解析】B。答语句意为：筹集资金最好的方式是卖报纸。to raise money做way的后置定语。故选B。

2.如果不定式动词与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，并且该动词是不及物动词，则需要加上适当的介词或副词使动宾关系成立。

【典例12】（2013年凉山卷）When you move somewhere new，the first thing for you is to find aplace_____

A.to live

B.living in

C.to live in

【解析】C。句意为：当你搬到一个新的地方时，首先要找一个住处。句中用动词不定式做定语修饰名词，并和所修饰的名词存在动宾关系，排除B项；当动词不定式做定语和前面的名词存在动宾关系，动词若是不及物动词，需要在不定式后面加适当的介词。故选C。

六、动词不定式做状语

动词不定式做状语，可以表示目的、结果或原因等。

【典例13】（2015年泰安卷）When you leave，please turn off the lights____energy.

A.save

B.to save

C.saving

D.saved

【解析】B。本题考查动词不定式做目的状语的用法。句意为：当你离开的时候，请关上所有的灯，以便节约能源。根据句意可知，关灯的目的是节约能源。故选B。

【典例14】Mr.Liis akind-hearted man.Though he is not rich，he always does everything he can____the homeless children.

A.to support

B.support

C. supporting

D.supported

【解析】A。本题考查动词不定式做目的状语的用法。句意为：李先生是个好心人。虽然他并不富有，但他总是愿意竭尽所能地帮助无家可归的孩子。故选A。

七、特殊结构中的动词不定式

动词不定式可以和疑问词who，what，which，why，when，how，where等词连用，构成“疑问词+动词不定式”结构，在句中可以做主语、宾语和表语。此结构通常位于下列动词之后：tell，teach，know，wonder，learn，show，findout，ask，understand等。

【典例15】（2015年福州卷）-So beautiful flowers！I can't decide____for my mom.

-For Mother's Day，it can't be better to take some carnations（康乃馨）.

A.when to choose

B.which to choose

C.how to choose

【解析】B。考查含有特殊疑问词的动词不定式的用法。句意为：——如此美丽的花朵！我不知道给妈妈买哪一种。——在母亲节，最好送康乃馨。when to choose“什么时候买”；which to choose“买哪一种”；how to choose“怎样选择”。结合句意，选B。

【典例16】（2015年自贡卷）I really don'tknow____this question.It is too hard.

A.which to answer

B.how to answer

C.what to answer

【解析】B。句意为：我真的不知道如何回答这个问题。它太难了。对“方式或手段”进行提问用疑问词how。故选B。

巩固练习：

从所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1.My pen pal Andrew found it difficult____Chinese well.

A.learning

B.learn

C.to learn

D.learned

2.-Why don't you go out to play，Rose？

-I'm afraid I can't.I have much homework

A.do

B.does

C.doing

D.to do

3.Mom makes me eat an apple every day____the doctor away.

A.keeps

B.is kept

C.to keep

D.kept

4.-Laura，we've decided____on a trip this afternoon.Will you join us？

-I'm afraid not.I have a composition____.

A.to go；to write

B.to go；writing

C.going；to write

D.going；writing

5.Lucy is shy.She would not invite her class-mates____dancing with her.

A.practice

B.practices

C.practicing

D.to practice

6.Jessica's parents always encourage her____out her opinions.

A.speak

B.speaking

C.to speak

D.will speak

7.-Will you please give some advice on____English at home？

-Well，do a lot of reading and listen to Eng-lish program.

A.how to read

B.how to learn

C.when to use

D.where to use

8.____up early is important for your health.

A.To get

B.Get

C.Got

D.You get

9.-Jane，I'm very thirsty.

-Let's go to the nearest supermarket____some drink，OK？

A.to buy

B.buy

C.bought

D.buying

10.-I saw Betty go to Grandpa Zhang's home just now.

-Yes，She is often seen____the o d man with his housework.

A.to help

B.help

C.helps

D.helping

11.He promised____his old friend during his stay in Tianjin.

A.see

B.seeing

C.saw

D.to see

12.In those days，he had nothing much____but sleep，which made his parents worried.

A.doing

B.to do

C.do

D.done

13.I do expect____some time to myself in the evenings，but in fact，I'm busy with my work every evening.

A.to have

B.having

C.to spend

D.spending

14.The policeman told the boys____foot- ball in the street.

A.not play

B.don't play

C.not to play

D.not playing

15.-Why not watch TV at home？

-I'd love to，but my mother doesn't allow me____that.

A.do

B.did

C.doing

D.to do

16.Don't worry.We will do anything we can____you.

A.help

B.to help

C.helped

D.helping

17.-I can't decide____.

-You mean the purple sweater or the blue one？

A.how to go there

B.who to go with

C.where to visit

D.which to choose

18.-What are you going to do when you grow up？

-A singer， but my parents wish me____ateacher.

A.am

B.to be

C.will be

D.be

19.-Kate，my computer doesn't work.

-Why not ask Mr.Lee____it？

A.check

B.to check

C.to buy

D.buy

20.Paul made a nice cage____the littlesick bird till it could fly.

A.keep

B.kept

C.keeps

D.to keep

21.-Be sure____.miss the concert.

-OK，I won't.

A.don't

B.to not

C.to

D.not to

22.My parents gave me a present on my birthday.I couldn't wait____it and have a look at it.

A.open

B.to open

C.opening

D.opened

23.-John，you'll find it very easy____your goal if you put your heart into it.

-OK.I'll try my best.

A.achieve

B.achieving

C.to achieve

D.achieved

24.-I didn't hear you____just now.

-That's good.We tried____any noise，for you were sleeping.

A.come in；not make

B.come in；not to make

C.to come in；to make

D.to come in；making

25.-What should I do，doctor？

-____healthy，you should take more exer-cise.

A.Keep

B.Keeping

C.To keep

D.Having kept

26.Mike went to the library____somebooks yesterday.

A.borrow

B.to borrow

C.borrows

D.borrowed

27.-What did Mr. Yang say to you？

-He told me____a storybook to classagain.

A.not bring

B.can't bring

C.not to bring

D.didn't bring

28.Many fast food restaurants paint their walls red，play loud music and have hard seats____customers eat quickly and leave.

A.make

B.to make

C.made

D.making

29.-I find that Tom is interested in Eng-lish.

-Yes.He never misses a chance____English with foreigners.

A.practice

B.practiced

C.practicing

D.to practice

30.-Have you decided____the ticket to Beijing？

-Next weekend.

A.why to order

B.when to buy

C.how to sell

D.where to collect

Key：

1-5 CDCAD

6-10 CBAAA

11-15 DBACD

16-20 BDBBD

21-25 DBCBC

26-30 BCBDB