定语从句常见易错考点揭秘

贵州 岑耀坤

定语从句常见易错考点揭秘

贵州 岑耀坤

一、专题演练

请你修改你同桌写的作文。文中共有8处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

My father，who are a well-known doctor in our small town，always works hard. He devotes most of his spare time to reading，that makes him knowledgeable. I still remember one day last month he stayed at home reading as usual. Suddenly，he received a phone call and then rushed to the hospital to where he works there. He was told there came a woman patient but the doctor on duty couldn’t find the reason which she was so seriously ill. My father immediately started to work and finally saved her life. The patient later came to thank my father，without whom help she said she would have been dead. In general，I’m very proud of my father，which has set a good example to me.

【答案与解析】

1. 第一句将are改为is。定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致，该句中先行词“My father”是单数。故应将are改为is。

2. 第二句将that改为which。which引导的非限制性定语从句可指代整个主句的内容，which可译为“这一点”，该句中的“which”在定语从句中充当主语。

3. 第三句在month后加when。先行词“one day”在定语从句中充当时间状语，从句应用when 引导。

4. 第四句去掉第二个to和去掉there。where引导定语从句替代先行词“the hospital”，在从句中作地点状语，其前面不用介词。另外，where在从句中充当地点状语时，句中的there属于成分重复，应去掉。

5. 第五句将which改为why或者在which前加for。当先行词“reason”在限制性定语从句中充当原因状语时，从句应用why或for which引导。

6. 第七句将whom改为whose。先行词“my father”在从句中作名词help的定语，应用whose引导从句。

7. 第八句将which改为who。指人的先行词“my father”在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，应用who引导从句。

二、易错考点揭秘

（一）关系词被误用

【典例】1. He was very rude to the Customs officer，who of course made things even worse.

【解析】将who改为which。which引导非限制性定语从句，可指代整个主句的内容，通常置于主句之后，which在从句中可充当主语或宾语，可译为“这一点”。该句中的“the Customs officer”并不是先行词，which指代的是整个主句的内容。

【典例】2. Is this the reason why he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work？

【解析】去掉why或将why改为that/which。先行词“the reason”在限制性定语从句中充当原因状语时，应用why或for which引导从句，但当先行词“the reason”在从句中作主语或宾语时，应用that/which引导从句。该句中的先行词“the reason”在从句中充当explained的宾语，应用that或which引导从句，也可省略。

【典例】3. This is one of the most exciting football games which I have ever seen.

【解析】将which改为that或去掉which。当先行词前有形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时，定语从句通常用that而不用which引导。该句中的先行词“games”在从句中作“seen”的宾语，引导词that也可省略。

【典例】4. You can find whatever you need at the shopping center，where is always busy at the weekend.

【解析】将where改为which。表示地点的先行词在从句中作地点状语时，应用where引导从句，但若表示地点的先行词在从句中充当主语或宾语时，应用that/which引导从句。该句中的先行词“the shopping center”在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，应用which引导从句。

【典例】5. His letter reminded me of the happy time when we spent together in high school.

【解析】去掉when或将when改为that/which。表示时间的先行词在从句中作时间状语时，应用when引导从句，但若表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，应用that/which引导从句。该句中的先行词“the happytime”在限制性定语从句中作“spent”的宾语，引导词应用that或which，也可省略。

【典例】6. She is talking about the people and things which interested her greatly during her stay there.

【解析】将which改为that。当先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句通常用that引导。

【典例】7. Did he say anything which appealed to you especially？

【解析】将which改为that。当先行词是anything，something，nothing，everything等不定代词时，定语从句通常用that而不用which引导。

【典例】8. All which you need to do is keep calm in face of danger.

【解析】去掉which或将which改为that。当先行词前有all修饰，或者先行词就是all时，定语从句用that引导。该句中的先行词“all”在从句中充当do的宾语，引导词也可省略。

【典例】9. It is known to us all，light travels faster than sound.

【解析】将It改为As。as引导位于主句前的非限制性定语从句时，指代的是后面整个主句的内容，可译为“这一点”，有时可表示“正如”的意思。该句中的“As”在从句中充当主语。

【典例】10. It was not what he said but the way which he said it that made me angry.

【解析】去掉which或将which改为that，或者在which前加in。当先行词“the way”在定语从句中充当状语时，定语从句用that或in which引导，也可省略引导词。

【典例】11. This is the car in that we got here.

【解析】将that改为which。介词后的关系代词指物时，只能用which，不可用that。

（二）从句成分被重复

【典例】1. The only thing that I like it is art.

【解析】去掉it。该句中的先行词“the only thing”在定语从句中充当like的宾语，从句应用that引导，也可省略，it多余。

【典例】2. Margaret was born in 1900 in Atlanta，where she lived all of her life there.

【解析】去掉there。where在本句中引导定语从句，代替先行词在从句中作地点状语，故there多余。

（三）从句谓语动词被误用

【典例】1. I，who is your best friend，will surely do what I can to help you.

【解析】将is改为am。定语从句的谓语动词由先行词决定。该句中的先行词为句子主语“I”，应与am而不是is搭配。

【典例】2. Jessica is the only one of the teachers who were given an opportunity to travel to New York.

【解析】将were改为was。当先行词为“the only one of the +复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词应用单数形式；若先行词是“one of the +复数名词”时，从句谓语动词应用复数形式。

（四）关系词被遗漏

【典例】1. These houses are sold at such a low price people expected.

【解析】在people前加as。关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时，先行词前通常有such或the same修饰，as在从句中作主语或宾语时均不可省略。该句中的先行词“a low price”前有such修饰，故用as引导定语从句，as在从句中作“expected”的宾语。

【典例】2. Women drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those who don’t.

【解析】在drink前加who/that。该句中的先行词“women”在从句中作主语，引导词不可省略。另外，也可将drink改为drinking，此时为现在分词短语作后置定语。

（五）从句介词多余或被误用、遗漏

【典例】1. The gentleman with whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.

【解析】将with改为about。从句中隐藏的结构是“tell sb. about sth./sb.”，故将先行词代入从句后应为“you told me about the gentleman yesterday”，用about whom引导从句。

【典例】2. York，in which I visited last year，is a nice old city.

【解析】去掉in。先行词“York”在从句中作visited的宾语，用which引导非限制性定语从句，介词in多余。

【典例】3. The music，which the elderly were dancing，sounded a bit familiar to me.

【解析】在which前加to或者在dancing后加to。dance to the music意为“随着音乐舞蹈”，该句将先行词代入从句中时应添加介词to。

（作者单位：贵州省六枝特区六盘水市第二中学）