巧用上下文语境做好完形填空

2017-01-16 01:25孙嘉婧
东方教育 2016年14期
关键词:划线交友词义

孙嘉婧

摘要:完形填空是中高考常见的一种题型,这种题被专家称为障碍性阅读,也是中学生最为棘手的题型之一。它是由出题者在一篇语义连贯的文章中有目的地去掉一些词语,形成空格,要求在给出的对应的备选答案中选出最恰当的答案。

关键词:完型 上下文语境

一 前言

完形填空既要求学生有较强的阅读理解能力,又要有扎实的词汇和文化知识积累,是一种全面考查考生语言运用能力的题型。不同于单项选择填空题,完形填空题所给的是一篇意思完整的短文,所选的答案处在整段或整篇文章之中,该题主要是考查考生在特定的语境中运用词汇的能力。[1]

完形填空实质上是一种障碍性阅读理解题。因此,在解题之前,先要把文章通读一遍,对文章有个全面的了解,弄清其中心思想和大意,然后对留空的句子进行分析,看它在该句中所处的位置和作用,再从所给的选项中找出要填写什么词,而这些词的正确选择可以利用上下文语境中的单词或词组线索,例如词汇复现等方法。

需要注意的是,上海高考对于完形填空的考察侧重在词汇部分,而非语法考察。在150分满分的试卷中,完形填空为15分,占10%。

二 利用上下文语境判断词义的几种方法

利用上下文语境来判断词义的主要方法有以下五个:下定义(definition)词汇复现(restatement),词义对比(contrast)和总结(summary )。

1.通过定义判断词义

这种方法较好辨认,通常可由define,mean,refer或者定语从句作为线索进行判断。

例1.Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the(58)_________ of tasks by a social group.Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”.Expressive leadership,on the other hand,is leadership that emphasizes the joint wellbeing of a social groups members.Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing(60)__________ support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.

(58) A.assignment B.introduction

C.completion D.division

这两道题都是通过描述来给文中的两个专有名词下定义。58题可以通过后文中的get things done得出答案C.completion,表示任务的完成。60题则是通过划线部分leader前的expressive得出这类领导比较善于表达,因此可以给组员提供情感类的支持。

例2.Society is an extended social group having a distinct cultural and economic organization.It is characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals.It is a group of individuals who(52)_________ a common system of customs,values and laws.

A.share B.invent

C.operate D.practice

本题答案需要对一类人下定义,通过上文划线部分,我们可以得知在同一个社会中的一组人群是需要共享一个社会习俗、价值观和法律的。因此选择 A.share。

2.通过词汇复现或词汇同义判断词义

词汇复现或者同义需要学生在阅读文章的时候对于一些出现不止一次的单词尤为关注,也就是需要学生寻找上下文是否有相同或者相近意思的提示词。[2]

例3.The survey about childhood in the Third World show that the struggle for survival is long and hard.But in the rich world,children can suffer from a different kind of poverty--- of the spirit.For instance,one Western country alone now sees 14,000 attempted suicides every year by children under 15 and one child in five needs psychiatric(心理) advice.

There are many good things about(53)________ in the Third world…….

A.childhood B.poverty

C.spirit D.spirit

本题通过上文首段中反复出现的childhood,children,不难判断除该题的正确答案A.childhood.

例4.Over the last 15 years,digital communication has brought in more changes than the printing press did in 1580.And those most likely use them in this word are teenagers,whose brains appear to have an extraordinary volume to adapt to the world around them,according to Dr Jay Gieed,a(n)(51)_________ expert

A.digital B.adolescent

C.surgical D.artificial

本段为全文的首段,也是大部分学生会非常认真阅读的段落。如果学生阅读到划线词teenager的话,便不难得出第一题的答案B.adolescent。 虽然这一题不是严格意义上的词汇复现,不过选项和文章中的提示词为同义词。

3.通过对比判断词义

词义对比可以通过however,but,instead,rather than这类的表示转折关系的词作为线索,从而选出与上文或者下文意思相反的词作为答案。

例5.If they showed little activity in their nucleus accumbens--- a brain region linked to every type of pleasurable experience--- they were actually less likely to give.But if there is a sharp(60)________ of activity in this reward area,they felt good and gave more.

A.edge B.rise

C.turn D.division

本题通过连词But可知上下句的关系为转折,再看到上句的activity前的修饰词little就能轻松得出答案B.rise

例6.But in most Third World villages mother and father do not go miles away each day to work in offices.(55)________,the child sees mother and father,relations and neighbours working nearly and often shares in that work.

A.Anyhow B.However

C.Instead D.Still

本文根据题目前后的go miles away和working nearby可以得知前后两句的意思是相反,故选择答案C.Instead。

例7.In school,for example,the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year.In the workplace,however,constant(56)_______ is the norm,and one has adapt quickly.

A.change B.reminder

C.prediction D.difficulty

本题根据连词however和前一句中的the same,可以得出与the same意思相反的答案change.

4.通过总结判断词义

例8.Social interactions are now being(59)________ by technology—you could have hundreds of friends,all of whom are real people that you interact with and scientists arent sure whether well be able to develop the same skills using social media.A.changed B.controlled

C.troubled D.interrupted

本题破折号后的划线句都在论述如今的交友互动和以前有多么的不同,不论从交友的数量还是交友的方式。因此我们可以总结得出A.changed,句意为:如今的社会互动方式已经因为技术而发生了很大的改变。

例9.(61)________ good behavior.Positive reinforcement can go a long way with children with autism,so make an effort to “catch them doing something good.” Praise them when they act appropriately or learn a new skill,…

A.Control B.Perform

C.Reward D.Maintain

本题可以根据后文的两个划线词positive reinforcement和praise可以总结出答案为C.reward,译为:当遇到一些好的行为时,我们应该提出奖励。

三 总结

在英语阅读时,我们不可避免地会遇到一些障碍,可以通过有线索有根据的词义猜测来解决。只要我们掌握了正确的方法,寻找到上下文语境中的各种线索,就能够轻而易举的找到答案,并且能够增加做题的正确率,得到事半功倍的效果。

参考文献:

[1]周燕 2015(4).中小学教材教学

[2]蓝裕勤 2014(2).广东教育(高中版).

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