有机的，智慧的，生物准则的

张利/ZHANG Li

有机的，智慧的，生物准则的

Be Organic, Be Smart, Be Bioprincipled

张利/ZHANG Li

恐怕没有人认为《世界建筑》对花枝招展的项目感兴趣。事实上，我们也很少发表花团锦簇的项目。我们的编辑团队一直坚定地反对任何试图模仿活体形态的建筑物。因此，长期关注我们的读者可能会发现，在这一期中，我们的品味似乎发生了变化，竟然毫不犹豫地批量出版了与花卉植物相关的项目。

确实在发生变化，但变化的不是我们的“品味”，而是我们的“意识”。长期以来，我们一直在等待着关于未来可持续城市的真正革命性的观点。而现在，随着生物准则城市概念的到来，我们比以往任何时候都更加接近这个目标。

建筑与城市规划领域的每一个人，都处于绿色建筑与城市技术革新的欢呼与反思的循环之中。面对工业化带来的问题，几代人试图在我们的现代生活中恢复前工业时代城市的真实的有机模式。然而，一次又一次地，事实证明，说起来容易，做起来难。一方面，无论是1890年代的埃比尼泽·霍华德的“花园城市”，还是1990年代的艾莉丝·沃特斯的“可食用校园”，这些聪明的头脑想出的创新观念都太过乌托邦式。另一方面，被普遍采用的技术解决方案又是基于工业化流程的，解决了某个地方的问题却在另一些地方造成了危机。看起来我们几乎走投无路，只有诉诸传统中国文人在自家菜园中自给自足的节俭生活方式，牺牲一切现代的舒适和便利，才能使人类的栖息地再次得以可持续。

幸运的是，现在出现了生物准则城市的概念。其独特之处在于它所倡导的所有解决方案都是基于生物过程而不是工业过程的。其驱动变化的核心，是生命科学，而非传统工程。它将城市视为一个新陈代谢的实体，与我们所理解的丛林或岛屿的生态异曲同工。它侧重基于自然的生物活动调动的物质循环和能量循环。它将公共空间视为生产性的田地和气候缓冲地带。它将建筑视为共生生物的生活聚落，因此可以产生积极的并自我更新的能量，由此证明，人类是自然界的一部分，而并非隔绝在自然之外。正如艾伦·威斯曼所说的那样，如果再来一次而没有人类，自然世界可能会怀念我们。

对于建筑师和城市主义者，生物准则城市的想法开辟了一整套新的可能性。随着传统的自然-人工的二元对立越来越模糊，诸多鸿沟现在有望得以弥合。我们如今可以想象一种新的交融，无机与有机、消费与生产、制造与生长、衰败与回收、完成功能与适应调整将整合在一起。借助现代信息技术的基础构架，我们当下有可能真正地将我们城市的工业足迹最小化。在这一期与植物相关的项目中，我们所看到的不是繁盛的美学，而是生物的伦理。

通过生物准则城市，我们将生活得更有机、更智慧。

特别感谢乔基姆·冯·布朗教授在全球生物经济方面的开创性工作以及他对本期专辑的支持。

World Architectureis not known for taking interest in floral projects. In fact, we seldom publish projects that bare even remote resemblances to flowery plants. Our editing team has always taken a firm stand against any building that tries to mimic the shape of a living thing. Therefore, it might appear to our long-time readers that something has changed in our taste in this issue, for we are publishing unapologetically floral projects in batches.

Something has changed indeed, not in our taste, but in our mind. We have been waiting for a truly revolutionary idea about future sustainable cities for a long, long time. And now, with the arrival of the Bioprincipled Cities concept, we are closer than ever to that.

Same as anyone from the field of architecture and urban planning, we have lived through cycles of hypes and moans about technological advancements in green buildings and cities. Facing the issues caused by industrialisation, generations of people have tried to restore the genuinely organic model of the pre-industrial cities in our modern lives. Yet time and again, things were proved to be easier said than done. On one hand, innovative concepts from the brilliant minds have been too utopian to engage, be it Ebenezer Howard's Garden City of the 1890s or Alice Waters' Edible Schoolyard of the 1990s. On the other hand, mass adopted technological solutions are all based on industrial processes, thus resolving issues somewhere but creating deficits elsewhere. It almost seemed certain that we could only resort to the self-sustained frugal life-style of the traditional Chinese intellectuals living in their farms, sacrificing all modern comfort and convenience, to make the human habitat sustainable again.

Fortunately, there is now the concept of Bioprincipled Cities. What makes it unique is that all the solution packages it advocates is based on bio-processes, not industrial processes. And driving the changes in the core, there is life sciences, not traditional engineering. It addresses the city as one metabolic entity, the same way we address the ecology of a jungle or an island. It focuses on material cycles and energy cycles that are mobilised by natural, biobased actions. It deems public spaces as productive fields and climatic buffers. It regards buildings as a living colony of symbiotic creatures, therefore can be energy positive and self-refreshed. It takes the argument that human beings are part of nature rather than alien to it. As Alan Weisman puts it, the nature world would probably miss us if it is ever without us again.

For architects and urbanists, the idea of Bioprincipled Cities is opening up a complete set of new possibilities. With the traditional naturalartificial dichotomy getting more and more blurred, numerous gaps can be now bridged. We can now imagine a new hybridity consisting of both inorganic and organic, both consuming and producing, both fabricated and grown, both decaying and recycling, both performing and readapting. Combined with modern IT infrastructure, we now are truly able to minimise the industrial footprint of our cities. What we see deep under the floral projects published in this issue is not an aesthetics of exuberance, but an ethics of organisms.

With Bioprincipled Cities, we will live more organic and smarter lives.

Our special thanks to Professor Joachim von Braun for his pioneering work in global bioeconomy and for his support to this issue.

清华大学建筑学院/《世界建筑》

2017-04-11