名词性从句中的that

2017-04-12 15:39李培
高中生学习·高二版 2017年4期
关键词:同位语连词省略

李培

名词性从句的功能相当于名词或名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:

只起连接作用,不作成分的that,whether,if。

连接代词what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,whosever,which,whichever。

连接副词when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why。

名词性从句的连接词中最复杂、最让同学们困惑的莫过于that:可不可以省略?什么时候省略?作不作成分?作什么成分?引出什么从句?若不能掌握规则,这些问题可能在考试中给我们致命一击。

以下笔者将从六个不同的高考考点着手,结合近五年的高考题对名词性从句中that的用法进行讲解。

一、that引导名词性从句的省略情况

that在名词性从句中,只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何成分,不含任何意义,引导名词性从句(除动词后的宾语从句外)时不可省略,故称作“三不”。

1. that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时,不能省略。

The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _______ one can be entirely free from dust.

解析 that。句意:雨季最令人愉快的事是人们可以完全摆脱灰尘。分析句子结构可以看出,本空需要连接词引导表语从句,且表语从句的句意和句子成分完整,所以连词在从句中不能作任何成分,只需起连接作用,故用that引导从句。

2. that引导动词宾语从句时一般可省略。如:

例1 (2015·全国卷Ⅰ) After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.

解析 where→that或者去掉where。句意:本句中连词that引导的从句充当动词found的宾语,that不作句子成分只起连接作用,同时宾语从句又可以省略掉连词that。

例2 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.

解析 that→where。句意:我的叔叔在我家附近有一家餐馆。考查宾语从句。此处表达的是“靠近我居住的地方”,宾语从句中缺少地点状语,故需将that改为where。that在名词性从句中只起连接作用,不充当任何句子成分,所以这里用that是错的。

还有以下几种情况that不能省略。

当that引导的宾语从句和主句的谓语动词之间有插入语或者從句主语之后有插入语。如:

He told us that if we could all come to help out, the whole situation would be better.

当一个动词引出两个(或以上)的并列的宾语从句时,that不能省略。如:

Some believe (that) its easy to learn a new language and that practice makes perfect.

当that引出的从句作介词宾语时不能省略。如:

The reason lies in that she works harder than others.

二、that引导的名词性从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,从句后置

that引导的主语从句本应位于谓语之前,但是为了避免头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语,从句后置。常见的句型可分为四类。

1. it+be+形容词+that从句

适用于这种句型的常见形容词有:obvious,apparent,evident,important,necessary,clear,strange,surprising等。其中necessary,strange,important,surprising等谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”。如:

Its strange that he should have been fired.

2. it+be+名词+that从句

常用于这种句型的名词词组有:a pity,a shame,no wonder,a fact等。如:

Its no wonder that he is admitted into the Bejing University.

3. it+be+过去分词+that从句

常用的过去分词有:said,reported,believed,suggested,supposed等。其中表示“建议,命令”的如suggested,ordered,required等词后的从句需用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”。如:

It is suggested that people should wear a mask when going out on a smoggy day.

4. it+动词+that从句

常用于该句型的动词有appear,turn out,happen to sb.,occur to sb.,seem等。

例3 It suddenly occurred to him _______ he had left his keys in the office.

解析 that。句意:他突然想起来他把钥匙掉在办公室了。此句中it作形式主语,由that引出主语从句后置。主语从句句意完整,不缺成分。故用that。

三、that引导的名词性从句作宾语时,常用it作形式主语,从句后置

1. 动词+介词+it+that

常用于这种句型的动词词组有see to,depend on,rely on等。如:

Ill see to it that everything is in place before the performance.

2. 动词+it+形容词+that

常用于这种句型的搭配有make it clear,make it possible,find it strange等。如:

The father found it strange that his son turned home so early.

3. 动词+it+名词+that

常用于这种句型的名词有rule/duty/honor等。如:

He makes it a duty that he would try his best to save the company.

4. 动词+it+过去分词+that

常用于该句型的搭配有make it known,hear it said that等。如:

The lovers made it known that they would get married next month.

四、同位语从句、定语从句和强调句型中的that

同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用,没有实际意义,不充当任何句子成分且不能省略。同位语从句一般在具有抽象含义的名词之后,用以解释该名词的含义或内容;定语从句中的关系代词that在从句中充當主语或宾语,在充当宾语时常可省略。

试比较下面两个例句:

They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China. (that引导同位语从句,不能省略,不在从句中充当任何句子成分)

The hope (that) she expressed is that they would come to visit China. (that引导定语从句,在从句中作宾语,可以省略)

与同位语从句中的that相比,强调句型中的that只是强调句型(it is/was ... that/what) 结构中的一部分。it和that无词汇意义,it是强调词,引出被强调的部分,that只起语法连接作用。这里介绍一个判断句子是不是强调句的方法:把it is/was和that去掉,把被强调部分还原到原来的位置,如果句子结构仍然完整,那么这个句子就是强调句。

例4 You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel _______ the coach picks up tourists.

解析 that。句意:你等错地方了,教练是在旅馆接游客的。分析句子结构可知,此处是一个强调地点状语的强调句,故用that。

例5 The manager put forward a suggestion _______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.

解析 that。句意:经理提出了一个建议——我们应该有一个助手。有太多工作要做了。分析句子结构可知,空处在此引导同位语从句,说明suggestion的具体内容,且从句句意和句子成分完整,故用that。

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