可持续高密度环境的城市空间规划

赵任植/CHO Im Sik

陈茜 译/Translated by CHEN Xi

可持续高密度环境的城市空间规划

赵任植/CHO Im Sik

陈茜 译/Translated by CHEN Xi

过去的几十年中，随着全球，尤其是亚洲国家急速的城市转型、城市增长及人口高密化，城市空间成为实现环境、社会和经济可持续发展的一个重要手段。本文探讨了从新加坡城市研究，到高密度条件下新建城市空间的分类、评估、愿景及设计规划框架的发展，以此作为对快速城市化及可持续发展的回应。研究范围涉及城市公共空间密度和质量关系的探索，在高密度且复杂的城市条件下塑造当代城市空间的结构和性能，并开发了集成的计算工具（TUSA）系统地评估和分析城市空间特征和高密度环境中的作用，旨在指导并决策城市空间规划和设计流程。

城市空间，高密度，环境可持续性，新加坡

1 研究背景

1.1 城市空间在高密度开发中的角色

全球范围内城市人口的戏剧化增长与城市开发成为新世纪的明显特征。尤其是近30年中，亚洲国家经历了最为剧烈的城市变革，如同西方世界在此前两个世纪中经历的那样。面对如此高速的城市发展与城市人口增长，环境可持续、经济可持续、社会可持续的城市规划变得至关重要。在这种语境中，提供“高品质的公共空间”越来越被视为推动环境与社会可持续性、并提升高密度当代环境中生活质量的主要途径之一[1]。

与此同时，过去10年来新加坡公共空间的设计也受到了广泛的关注，设计主要关注创造公共空间新类型的可能性探索，例如，架空公共空间及混合功能用地开发。新加坡公共空间的生产具有多方面的特殊性，这首先源于其集中的、策略性的规划与政策机构及全球眼界，同时也源于其特殊的地理、气候、多文化文脉特征。在如新加坡这般的多文化、多种族语境中，公共空间的发展在塑造世界城市、多元人群共同家园的保留、环境与社会可持续性的城市开发中皆有关键作用。

1 城市空间构架/Urban space framework

据新加坡国家发展部2013年发布的题为“为全体新加坡人提供高品质生活环境”的报告，新加坡的未来发展正沿着从前建立的轨迹而展开，包括实现这些目标：兼顾品质的保障住房，可达的绿色休闲空间网络（作为已经完善建立与实施的“花园城市”概念的延伸），充满活力的经济，更佳的交通流动，前瞻性的、世界性的、具有遗产意识的文化，洁净、安全、怡人的环境，且为进一步增长预留空间。在报告中，宜居城市中心与城市土地学会提供了“宜居高密度城市的10项原则”[2]，作为对新加坡规划与发展的整合模式之深刻洞悉，希望能够同时囊括物理、经济、社会及环境等城市生活的各个方面。这10条原则包括：为长期增长与更新而进行的规划；拥护多样性；塑造更亲人的自然环境；发展可支付的混合功能社区；强化公共空间的有效性，优选绿色交通与绿色建筑；通过多样化及增加绿色边界缓解密度；活化更安全的空间；推动创新的、非惯常的解决措施；以及打造PPP（民众-公有-私有）合作模式。

1.2 环境可持续导向的城市设计价值

精心设计与良好管理的公共空间是城市宜居性和可持续发展的重要资源，无论是短期还是长期均对社会、健康、环境与经济各方面大有裨益，这已成为一个广泛承认的观点[3-6]。不佳的城市设计可能导致生活品质降低、就业机会受限，还会引发社区及城市整体层面的大范围的不可持续支出。

1 Research Background

2 研究方法、工具及设备/Research methods, tools and instruments

1.1 Role of Urban Space in High Density Development

Te turn of this century has been characterized by the dramatic rise in urban population and urban development globally. Over the last three decades, Asian countries in particular have experienced the most dramatic urban transformations, which are comparable to what the Western world experienced over the last two centuries. In response to such a rapid rise in urban development and urban population, the demands for environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable planning are stressed globally. In this context, the provision of 'high quality public spaces' is increasingly seen as one of the primary means of fostering environmental and social sustainability and improving the quality of life in highly dense contemporary environments[1].

In line with the above, the design of public spaces in Singapore has received considerable attention over the last decade; design has been focused on exploring the potential of creating new types of public spaces, such as elevated public spaces and mixed-use hybrid developments. The production of public spaces in Singapore is, in many ways, specific, primarily due to its centralized and strategic planning and policy mechanisms and global aspirations, but also due to its specific geographical, climatic, and multi-cultural contexts. For a multi-cultural and multi-racial context like Singapore, the development of public spaces has been seen as having a critical role in creating a cosmopolitan city while allowing it to remain a unique home for its diverse people, as well as utilizing environmentally and socially sustainable urban development.

According to the report entitled 'A High-Quality Living Environment for All Singaporeans', published by the Ministry of National Development (2013), Singapore's future development follows previously established trajectories. These include achieving the following: high-quality and affordable housing; an accessible network of green and recreational spaces (as an extension of an already wellestablished and implemented 'A City in a Garden' concept); a vibrant and dynamic economy; greater mobility; a forward-looking and cosmopolitan yet heritage-aware culture; a clean, safe, and pleasant environment; and room for further growth. In their report, the Centre for Liveable Cities and the Urban Land Institute provide '10 principles for liveable high-density cities',[2]as an insight into Singapore's integrated model of planning and development, with an aim to simultaneously address the physical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of urban living. Te ten principles include: planning for long-term growth and renewal, embracing diversity, drawing nature closer to people, developing affordable mixed-use neighbourhoods, making public spaces work harder, prioritizing green transport and building options, relieving density with variety and adding green boundaries, activating spaces for greater safety, promoting innovative and nonconventional solutions, and forging 3P (People-Public-Private) partnerships.

针对公共空间的投资对环境可持续性的贡献主要体现在：

·减弱气候变化的影响，

·提升能源效率，控制污染恶化，

·通过材料与建造技术的选择、鼓励步行与自行车出行等方式将碳排放最小化，

·实现保持环境敏感性的开发，

·将可达性差的或破败的区域与设施转换为有益的公共用途，

·复兴城市遗产。

任何人皆可从高品质的城市空间中受益：投资者——通过其投资带来的可观回报与业主需求的满足；开发商——通过投资吸引力；业主——通过员工与客户在工作表现、忠诚度、健康与满意度等方面的提升；日常使用者与社会整体——通过经济优越性、品质提升的环境与更广范围的便利设施与基础设施；公共机关——通过对其建立具有环境、经济、社会可行的环境之义务的满足。

3.4 城市空间导则/Urban space guideline

2 研究范围与目标

当下城市设计中最大的挑战之一即为在创造优良城市空间的同时，使其保有对城市人口与建成密度激增引起的多样、混合而时常不可预测的城市状况的适应与回应。因此，我们理解、分析、设计和利用城市空间的方式需要在数量与质量上同时进行概念的重新构思。这意味着在高密度城市环境中，挑战并重新评定有关密度、空间、类型、公共性等的现有观念。

以塑造高密度、复杂、混合城市环境中当代城市空间结构与运行的关键组成部分（空间、功能与组织层面）为基础，该研究探究了城市公共空间密度与质量间的关系。

为了在高密度环境中，改善生活与工作环境，增进社会与社区交流，主要的研究目的包括：

·在高密度开发语境下，提出针对当地条件的全新城市公共空间的参数；

·针对特定城市空间类型与密度水平，进行设计参数的配置与组合；

·完善一系列城市空间配置之规划与设计的指导工具。

3 研究框架

研究团队开发出了一种原创而全面的城市空间框架。框架的提出来源于有关高密度环境的可持续与城市空间的城市设计理论与实践，以及用于分析、评估与设计宜居的高品质公共空间的可用导则。

城市空间框架提出了影响与塑造城市空间绩效的三大构成要素：

（1）硬件（即设计值），

（2）软件（即利用与社会感知值），

（3）斡件（即管理与运行值）。

这一框架由归类与评估系统组成。图1展示了用于确定城市空间关键属性、对其分类并评价其总体绩效的描述机制。

4 研究方法、工具与手段

评估系统包括47个评估求值器，与94个用来描述与主动评价城市空间的标准。借此可以建立一份评估清单，以打分系统的形式作用。若某城市空间满足某项标准则评分为1，若不能满足则评分为0。

最终评分称为城市空间值，代表了以百分比呈现的硬件、软件、斡件绩效的累积。但这种总体价值是比较基础的，只可用于快速比较。为了以整合的方式呈现更为详细的调查结果，绘制成两个城市空间值评估图。圆环状图表由3个扇区组成，分别表示关键城市空间元件：硬件、软件与斡件。扇区被分成条状，每条代表一个标准。有色条块代表被调查城市空间满足该标准，全部有色条块的总和便构成了城市空间值。通过这种方法，城市空间值评估图使得跨越全部研究案例的总体与特殊比较成为可能，同时突出了被评估空间的优点与不足，因此以直观的方式指出了可待改善的方面 （图2）。

5 具体研究成果

具体研究成果包括：

·TUSA，即城市空间分析工具——一种整合的计算应用，能够对混合的、复杂的城市空间类型及其运行绩效进行编目、分类、评估、分析和推测；

·一份城市空间导则（图3、4），建议了一套数量方面与质量方面的可行措施与设计方法，以提升特定高密度状况下属于某具体类型的城市空间之运行绩效；

·一份城市空间编目，依次总结了各个有记录城市空间的关键信息。

研究团队/Research Team

首席研究员/Principal Investigator: Assistant Professor Dr. CHO Im Sik

主要合作者/Key Collaborator: Professor HENG Chye Kiang研究员/Researchers: Dr. Zdravko TRIVIC & Ivan Kurniawan NASUTION

新加坡主要合作机构/Key Collaborating Agencies in Singapore: 市区重建局（主要机构），建屋发展局，国家公园局/Urban Redevelopment Authority (Lead Organisation); Housing and Development Board; National Parks Board

1.2 Value of Urban Design for Environmental Sustainability

It is widely accepted that well-designed and well-managed public spaces are the vital assets for a city's liveability and sustainable development, which have short-and long-term social, health, environmental, and economic benefits[3-6]. Poor urban design may reduce quality of life, limit employment opportunities, and generate a wide range of unsustainable costs for the community and the city as a whole.

Investment in public space contributes to environmental sustainability by:

·Reducing the impact of climate change,

·Creating more energy-efficient and less polluting development,

·Minimizing carbon emissions through the choice of materials and construction technologies, as well as through the encouragement of walking and cycling,

·Delivering development that is sensitive to its context,

·Returning inaccessible or run-down areas and amenities to beneficial public use,

·Revitalizing urban heritage.

Everyone benefits from high-quality urban spaces: investors – through favourable returns on their investments and through satisfying occupier demand; developers – by attracting investors; occupiers (owners) – from the superior performance, loyalty, health, and satisfaction of their employees and clients; everyday users and society as a whole –from the economic advantages and through access to a better quality environment and an enhanced range of amenities and facilities; and public authorities – by meeting their obligation to deliver an environmentally, economically, and socially viable environment.

2 Research Scope And Objectives

One of the main challenges of urban design today is to create good urban spaces with the ability to accommodate and respond to diverse, hybrid, and often unprecedented urban conditions, which all result from the dramatically increased urban population and building density. Consequently, the ways we understand, analyse, design, and utilize urban spaces require both quantitative and qualitative re-conceptualizations. These include challenging and reassessing the existing notions of density, space, typology, and publicness, among others, in the context of high-density urban environments.

This research explores the relationships between density and quality of urban public spaces based on key components (spatial, functional, and organisational layers) that shape the structure and performance of contemporary urban spaces in highly dense, complex, and hybrid urban conditions.

To enhance the living and working environment for increased social and community interaction within high-density environments, the main research objectives include:

·Recommending parameters for new urban public spaces in local conditions within the context of high-density developments,

·Developing design configurations and combinations of design parameters for specific urban space typologies and densities,

·Developing a tool to guide the planning and design of a range of urban space configurations.

3 Research Framework

The research team developed an original and holistic Urban Space Framework. This draws from urban design theories and practices related to sustainability and urban space in high-density environments, as well as available guidelines for analysing, evaluating, and designing liveable and high-quality public spaces.

The Urban Space Framework recognises three major components that influence and shape urban space performance:

1.Hardware (i.e. design value),

2.Software (i.e. use and social value),

3.Orgware (i.e. management and operational value).

The framework consists of Classification and Evaluation Systems. These are descriptive mechanisms used to identify key attributes of urban spaces, categorise them, and assess their overall performances (Fig. 1).

4 Research Methods, Tools, and Instruments

Te Evaluation System consists of 47 evaluators and 94 criteria that describe and positively evaluate urban spaces. With this, an evaluation checklist is established, which serves as a scoring system. An urban space scores 1 if it meets the criterion and 0 if it fails to meet the criterion.

Te final score is called the Urban Space Value, which represents the average score of cumulative hardware, software, and orgware performances shown as percentages. However, such an overall value is basic and serves only for quick comparison. To represent the findings in more detail and in an integrated manner, two Urban Space Value Diagrams are crafted. Te circular charts consist of three segments with respect to the key urban space components: hardware, software, and orgware. Segments are divided into stripes, each representing one criterion. Coloured stripes represent criteria that are met by the investigated urban space and the sum of all coloured stripes creates the overall Urban Space Value. In such a way, the Urban Space Value Diagrams enable general and specific comparisons across all case studies, while highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the space evaluated, thus suggesting areas for improvement in a straightforward manner (Fig. 2).

5 Specific Research Deliverables

Specific research deliverables include:

·TUSA, or Tool for Urban Space Analysis –an integrated computational application with capacities to catalogue, classify, evaluate, analyse, and speculate on hybrid and complex urban space typologies and their performances,

·An Urban Space Guideline (Fig. 3,4) that proposes a set of qualitative and quantitative actions and design measures to improve the performance of urban spaces of particular typologies or under specific high-density conditions,

·An Urban Space Catalogue that summarises key information about each documented urban space.

5 城市空间分析工具（TUSA）/ Tool for Urban Space Analysis(TUSA)策略性干预的优缺点判定/Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses for Strategic Intervention

6 城市空间分析工具（TUSA）/ Tool for Urban Space Analysis(TUSA)为策略性干预提供可行性改进/Recommending Possible Improvements for Strategic Intervention

城市空间分析工具（TUSA）

城市空间分析工具提供了指导设计过程各个阶段的方法，包括：设计任务书发展、预评估与设计建议、使用后评估与策略性干预、基准分析与预测，辅之以最佳设计案例研究的电子数据库。TUSA首先基于对城市空间质量方面的、描述性的评价，全面反映了本课题中采用的研究程序。自研究起始便对其进行调整与发展，以保持灵活性并适应未来变化。例如，当用于某具体案例中的策略性干预时，TUSA显示了对于城市空间运行效果及优缺点的评估。同时，也通过自动生成的报告推荐可能的提升方法（图5、6）。

TUSA也提供了增加虚拟案例、对其进行基于系统中现存案例的基准分析的模式。这对新研究项目（如投标）中的预评估尤其实用（图7）。TUSA生成的总结图表显示了各选中开发项目对分级标准的满足状况，为了更易于比较，还特别显示了最高值。当投标方案获得接近的总体评分时格外实用。

借助其模式与性能，TUSA是一种可用于指导设计过程各阶段的实用新工具。然而，本文所述的方法仍不完全详尽，我们鼓励TUSA的使用者探索工具性能并发现针对性的分析方法。分类标签与评估标准均可被随时进行编辑（添加或删除），使得这一工具保有对新条件与设计要求的适应性。

Tool for Urban Space Analysis (TUSA)

TUSA (Tool for Urban Space Analysis) provides the means of guiding various stages of the design process, including design brief development, pre-evaluation of design proposals, post-evaluation and strategic intervention, benchmarking, and speculation. TUSA is primarily based on qualitative and descriptive assessment of urban spaces, fully reflecting the research process employed in this study. It has also been developed from the start to be flexible and to accommodate changes in the future.

For example, when used in a strategic intervention for a specific case, TUSA shows an evaluation of how well the urban space is performing and its strengths and weaknesses. It also recommends possible improvements through an automatically generated report (Fig. 5,6).

TUSA also provides an option to add new virtual cases and benchmark them against the cases already added to the system. Tis is particularly useful in pre-evaluation of new research projects (e.g. tenders) (Fig. 7). TUSA generates a Summary Table that sums up the criteria met by each selected development across the hierarchy of criteria while highlighting the highest numbers for easier comparison. Tis is particularly useful when tenders seem to have similar overall scores.

With its modes and capacities, TUSA is a helpful new tool that can be used to guide various stages of the design process. However, the ways described are not exhaustive, and TUSA users are encouraged to explore its capacities and find their own methods of analysis. Both classification tags and evaluation criteria can be edited (added or deleted) at any point of time, which makes the tool adaptable to new conditions and design requirements.

7 城市空间分析工具（TUSA）/ Tool for Urban Space Analysis(TUSA)新设计方案的前期评估：基准与比较/Pre-evaluation of new design proposals: benchmarking & comparison

/References

[1] Amin, Ash. (2006). Collective culture and urban public space. Retrieved from http://www.publicspace. org/en/text‐library/eng/b003‐collective‐culture‐and‐urban‐publicspace.

[2] Ministry of National Development, Singapore. (2013). A high quality living environment for all Singaporeans: Land use plan to support Singapore's future population. Retrieved from http://www.mnd. gov.sg/landuseplan/e-book/files/assets/common/

声明/Acknowledgements

本文讨论之内容来自于题为“可持续高密度环境的城市空间规划”的研究项目，由新加坡国立大学设计与环境学院可持续亚洲城市研究中心完成，合作机构包括新加坡市区重建局、新加坡建屋发展局、新加坡国家公园局。该项目由新加坡国家发展部资助。全部版权由新加坡国立大学及各合作机构享有。文章作者已在新加坡宜居城市中心与建屋发展局主办的第三轮城市圆桌会议（2014年11月）中作为受邀发言人对本文内容进行了展示，演讲题为“于高密度环境中建造活力社区”。/Te content discussed in this paper is from the research project 'Urban Space Planning for Sustainable High-Density Environments' conducted at the Centre for Sustainable Asian Cities, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, in collaboration with the Urban Redevelopment Authority, Singapore; the Housing and Development Board, Singapore; and the National Parks Board , Singapore. Te project was funded by the Ministry of National Development, Singapore. All copyrights are shared among the National University of Singapore, and the collaborating agencies. The author has presented this content as Invited Speaker at the 3rd Cities Roundtable, hosted by the Centre for Liveable Cities and the Housing and Development Board in Singapore (November, 2014) with the title 'Building a vibrant community in a dense environment'.

注释/Notes

1）该研究工作已通过2016年出版的书目发表/The research work has been published as a book in 2016. Refer to Cho Im Sik, Chye Kiang Heng, and Zdravko Trivic. 2016. Re-framing Urban Space: Urban Design for Emerging Hybrid and High-Density Conditions. New York: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/ products/9781138849860

2）有关研究项目的更多信息/For more information on the research project, refer to http://www.sde.nus. edu.sg/csac/r6.html. https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/ urbanlab/explore-research/themes/urban-design/ projects/Urban-Space-Planning downloads/Land%20Use%20Plan%20to%20 Support%20Singapore.pdf.

[3] CABE. (2001). The Value of Urban Design. London: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Retrieved from http://webarchive. nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www. cabe.org.uk/files/the-value-of-urban-design.pdf.

[4] CABE. (2003). The Value of Public Space. London: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Retrieved from http://www.ilex‐urc. com/ILEX/files/08/08d8e5ab‐e46e‐4f7f‐9f09‐4 c71f1c35cf7.pdf.

[5] Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand. (2005). The Value of Urban Design: The economic, environmental and social benefits of urban design. Retrieved from http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/ files/value-of-urban-design-full-report-jun05_0.pdf.

[6] Project for Public Spaces [PPS]. (2009). What is Place-Making? Retrieved from http://www.pps.org.

Urban Space Planning for Sustainable High-density Environments

With the rapid urban transformations and increased spatial, programmatic and human densification, globally but especially in Asian countries in the last few decades, new attention has been given to the role of urban spaces, as one of the key means for achieving environmental, social and economic sustainability within such conditions. This paper discusses the framework developed from a research in Singapore to understand, classify, evaluate, envision and guide design and planning of new urban spaces in high-density conditions, as a response to recent challenges in rapid urban transformations and urge for sustainable development. The scope of this research involves exploring the relationships between density and quality of urban public spaces based on key components (spatial, functional and organizational layers) that shape the structure and performance of contemporary urban spaces in highly dense, complex and hybrid urban conditions. In addition, it involves developing an instrument to systematically evaluate and analyses urban space characteristics and performances in high density environments with an aim to guide the decision making, and urban space planning and design processes. The main objectives of this paper are to outline the original Urban Space Framework that proved to be capable of highlighting critical urban space parameters and of suggesting principles and design measures to improve the performance of different urban space typologies, especially in Singapore's high-density context, as well as the vital capacities of an integrated computational tool – the Tool for Urban Space Analysis (TUSA), developed to catalogue, evaluate, analyse, speculate and guide the decision making in design and planning of emerging complex urban space configurations in high-density conditions.

urban space; high-density; environmental sustainability; Singapore

新加坡国立大学

2017-03-15