英语中的特殊原因状语

2017-05-09 03:43王喻
速读·下旬 2016年12期
关键词:特殊语境英语

王喻

摘 要:提到英语中原因状语,常常让人想到原因状语从句和一些引导原因状语从句的从属连词,如since,because,as,for,now that等。除了这些熟悉的原因状语表达法之外,英语中还有许多的原因状语是通过其他手段来表达的,比如说借助独立结构,分词短语,形容词,副词或是句子中的某一成分,比如,主语,宾语,谓语,同位语等。还有的原因状语是通过句与句之间的逻辑关系表现的。

关键词:英语;原因状语;特殊;语境

谈到英语中的原因状语,人们往往会想到一些连词引导的原因状语从句,如because,since,as,in that,now that,considering that等,但其实英语中许多的原因状语不是通过常用的因果关系的连词来表达的,介词、分词、独立结构、形容词短语都可以在一定的语境中表达因果关系。甚至有时原因状语潜藏在上下文的内在逻辑关系中需要读者去揣摩才能获得,本文将对这些特殊的原因状语作一一概述。

一、原因状语的显性表达

1.借助介词或介词短语表达原因,如at,for,from,of,with,because of,thanks to,due to,owing to,by means of,on account of,in view of。例如:

He was overjoyed at the news of his success.

听到成功的消息,他欣喜若狂。

Thank you for reminding me in time.

谢谢你及时提醒我。

She looked tired from lack of sleep.

由于睡眠不足,她看起来很疲劳。

Seeing her win the gold medal at the Olympics,her parents were all wild with joy.

看到她在奥林匹克运动会上得奖,她的父母欣喜若狂。

2.借助形容词或形容词短语表达原因。例如:

Afraid of being late,they came by taxi.

害怕遲到,他们乘坐出租车来的。

Thirsty,she went to the teahouse for a drink first.

因为口渴,她先到茶馆喝了茶。

3.分词短语作原因状语。例如:

Having no money,I cant buy the new book.

因为没钱,我没能买那本新书。

Seeing the teacher come in,he had to stop reading the novel.

看到老师进来了,他不得不停止看小说。

Being badly ill,she was sent to hospital.

因为病得很重,她被送到医院了。

Greatly touched by his teachers words,the boy did a lot of things to help his classmates.

那个男孩做许多事来帮助他的同学,因为老师的话深深地触动了他。

Born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling.

出生在贫困的家庭,他仅上过两年学。

4.with引导的复合结构作原因状语。例如:

(1)with+名词+现在分词结构,例如:

With exams approaching,we have a lot of homework every day.

考试临近,我们每天都有许多作业。

(2)with+名词+过去分词结构,例如:

With the matter settled,we all went home.

事情解决后我们都回家了。

(3)with+名词+不定式,例如:

With all this work to do,I dont think Ill have time to go out.

因为还有许多工作要做,我想我没时间出门。

5.借助独立结构表达原因。例如:

(1)名词(代词)+形容词:

The floor wet and slippery,wed better stay outside.

地板又湿又滑,我们最好待在外面。

(2)名词(代词)+副词:

The ceremony over,I went back home without delay.

仪式结束后,我们马上回家了。

(3)名词(代词)+分词:

The lecture having begun,he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.

因为讲座已经开始了,为了不打扰到演讲者他悄悄的离开座位。

His house destroyed by the heavy storm,he had to live in a cave.

房子被暴雨冲坏了,他不得不住在洞穴里。

(4)名词(代词)+介词短语:

Nobody in the room,I didnt go in.

房间里没人,我没进去。

二、原因状语的隐性表达

除了以上这些表达原因的特殊用法以外,英语中还有原因状语的表达不借助任何的显性的词语或结构,而是单纯的通过上下文的逻辑和语义传达的。这种原因状语的表达更为隐性,而以下的对这种隐性原因状语的介绍将有助于对英语学习者更好的去理解这种语言现象。

1.借助句子的不同成分表示原因。

(1)用主语表示原因:

The repeated failure of his experiments made the scientist give up.

实验不断的失败使科学家放弃了。

His frankness usually gets him in real hot water.

他的坦白常使他麻烦不断。

Why he came late made the chairman angry.

他迟到的原因使主席生气。

It makes her worried that she is putting on weight.

她长胖这件事使她烦恼。

(2)用谓语表示原因:

在并列谓语中,第一个谓语常常表示后一个谓语发生的原因,例如:

His bike hit a rock and turned over.

他的自行车撞在石头上倒了。

He fell over a precipice and turned up his heels.

他摔下悬崖死了。

(3)用宾语表示原因:

Tom regretted having given Nick so much money.

他后悔借给尼克那么多钱。

(4)用表语表示原因:

He is too young to know right from wrong.

他太年轻了不懂判断是非。

He is too shy to speak to her.

他太害羞不敢和她说话。

What makes her look beautiful is that she has a kind heart.

使她美麗的是她那善良的心。

(5)用同位语表示原因:

Young and short,I am afraid they wouldnt let me go.

我年纪小个头又矮怕他们不让我去。

(6)用定语表示原因:

John always tried to play off old Smith who stammered badly.

约翰总戏弄老史密斯,因为他口吃得厉害。

(7)借助上下文,通过句子与句子之间的逻辑关系表达原因。例如:

You can trust these products.The quality never varies.

你可以信任这些产品,它们的品质从未改变。

I dont like the look of the child.It is as thin as a loath.

我不喜欢那孩子的模样,因为他骨瘦如柴。

I would have written her last week,but I was ill.

本来上周想写信给她的,但我当时病了。

The article is well written and youd better read it.

这篇文章写得很好,你最好看看。

在英语中有这么多原因状语的表达方法,足以让我们惊叹英语语言的丰富性和灵活性,而在生活中人们使用语言时的简约性特点促使英语语言不断的变化发展,唯有带着发现的眼光,我们才能更好的理解和使用英语。

参考文献:

[1]金春笙.英语原因状语的特殊表示法[J].福建外语,1995,03.

[2]金庆爱.韩汉“原因”表达对比[D].延边大学,2007.

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