推理判断题分析

徐鸿鸣

每年英语高考的阅读理解中，细节理解题和推理判断题都是两大主要考点，2014、2015年推理判断题高达7个小题，甚至超过了细节理解的题数。

据很多参加完高考的同学反馈，每年阅读理解的失分大部分都在推理判断题和主旨大意题上。尤其是推理判断题，题量大，难度也高，若失分多，势必极大影响高考成绩。

根据历年英语高考的反馈信息可知，在推理判断题上出错的原因主要体现在以下几个方面。

[主观臆断]

推理判断要求在理解原文文字信息的基础上，作出一定的推理判断，从而领会文章的隐含意义和深层意义。因此推理判断必须依据文中相关信息，从题目提问的角度结合一定的规律和线索作出合理的推断，绝不能主观臆断。

例1 （2016·全国卷Ⅰ）

24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text？

A. They are highly educated.

B. They are truly creative.

C. They are pioneers.

D. They are peace-lovers.

解析 C。本文介绍了三位伟大的女性，其中Jane Addams是社会福利工作的带头人，Rachel Carson是环保运动的发起者，Sandra Day OConnor是反对性别歧视的领头人，Rosa Parks是民权运动的推动者。由此可见，这四位女性都是不同领域的先驱。而“受过高等教育”“具有创新精神”“和平爱好者”都不是她们的共性，如果选ABD三项只能是凭空推断。

例2 （2016·全国卷Ⅱ）

Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect（感染） other students.

26. What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. He liked to help his teacher.

B. He preferred to study alone.

C. He was active in class.

D. He was imaginative.

解析 D。根据Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant ... whose creativity would infect（感染） other students.可知这个孩子给作者留下的主要印象是他富有创造性。而D“富有想象力”属于创造性的范畴。有些同学仅凭文中的teaching assistant和a good part of his bedroom at home认定A或B为正确答案，但这两个选项的结论都无法从文中推断出来。因为“我”打算让他做teaching assistant不代表他喜欢帮助老师，他在家和艺术教室里放了一些他用构造玩具做出的东西不代表他喜欢独自钻研。

例3 （2016·全国卷Ⅰ）

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices， but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.

28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph？

A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.

D. Get to know themselves better.

解析 A。根据最后一段... but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.可知祖辈应该首先考虑自己的生活。而“让孩子们多看望他们”“为孩子们多牺牲”“多了解自己”都只是根據中国的传统或自己的凭空判断得出的结论。

[缺乏逻辑性]

有的同学在做推理判断题时，阅读不仔细，不注意上下文，致使推断过程缺乏逻辑，经不起推敲。

例4 （2016·浙江卷）

“Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday？” Lindsey whispers to Tori.

With her eyes shining， Tori brags， “You bet I did， Sean told me two days ago.”

... Still， Lindsey and Tori arent very different from most students here at Linton Higt School， including me. Many of our conversations are gossip（闲话）.

41. The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to .

A. introduce a topic

B. present an argument

C. describe the characters

D. clarify his writing purpose

解析 A。根據文章开头的对话内容和下文内容可知，作者使用对话的主要目的是引出本文的话题“人们为什么喜欢说闲话”，故选A。如果断章取义就有可能错选成“呈现一场争论”或“对文章进行分类”。

[缺乏常识]

阅读的一个重要作用就是获取信息和知识。英语高考阅读理解所选素材应该都是同学们比较熟悉或者是能够理解的，不会超出你们应有的知识面和认知程度。因此从某个层面而言，做英语阅读理解可以检验同学们的社会或自然科学常识。如果缺乏这些常识，定会给阅读带来一定的障碍。

例5 （2016·北京卷）

California condors are North Americas largest birds， with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s， electrical lines and lead poisoning（铅中毒） nearly drove them to dying out. Now， electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.

In the late 1980s， the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred（繁殖） ...

63. California condors attract researchers interest because they .

A. are active at night

B. had to be bred in the wild

C. are found on in California

D. almost died out in the 1980s

解析 D。根据第一段In the 1980s， electrical lines and lead poisoning（铅中毒） nearly drove them to dying out.可知是加利福尼亚秃鹰在20世纪濒临灭绝，因而引起科研人员的关注。A“在夜晚很活跃”不符合事实，事实上秃鹰是在夜晚寻找归宿；B“必须在野生环境里繁殖”也不符合常识，文中已提到可人工繁殖后放回到野生环境里；C“只有在加利福尼亚才能发现”文中并未提到，文中提到North Americas largest birds“美洲北部最大的鸟”，这说明不仅仅只有加利福尼亚才有。因此除了D选项以外，其他所有选项都不符合常识或事实。

[过度推理]

做推理判断题的一个非常重要的原则是只推一步。答题时应根据问题的设置，利用问题中的关键词在文中找到相应的段落，当二者对应后，阅读含本信息点的句子或上下句，顺着线索往前推一步，一般即可找到答案。

有的同学总觉得推理判断题既然是推理，就不会那么简单或直接，总喜欢作更深远的推理，这样并不会有助于得到正确答案。而有的同学在选对答案后，之后核查时又将原来的答案推翻。这几种现象都属于过度推理。

例6 （2016·江苏卷）

As Muhammad Ali puts it， “Champions arent made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire， a dream， a vision.” One of the things Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth.

69. By mentioning Muhammad Alis words， the author intends to tell us that .

A. players should be highly inspired by coaches

B. great athletes need to concentrate on patience

C. hard work is necessary in ones achievements

D. motivation allows great athletes to be on the top

解析 D。Champions arent made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them.可直接知道Ali的意思，即冠军的成就靠的是内在的动力，选项D的意思直接对应该结论。而教练的激励、耐心、刻苦训练都是成为优秀运动员的相关因素，但并没有从Muhammad Ali口中说出，皆为无中生有，若选这几个选项则属于推理过度。