利用复现词巧解阅读理解题

罗丽雯

尽管高考阅读理解题从整体上说有一定难度，但一份试卷当中难度较低的“送分题”还是占有一定比例的。笔者比较了近五年的高考阅读题，发现有一类题目就是“几个词的事”，即与该题目答案相关的若干句子中，有一两个词的出现频率较高，且与四个选项中的一个能对应上，那么该选项是正确答案的机率极高。这意味着我们未必需要理解整个句子的意思，只需要抓住这些复现的词，就可简化长句，缩短答题时间，同时也能提高正确率。

此类型的题又分为基础版和进阶版，基础版是原文的词和选项词几乎一样，进阶版需要考生“合并同类项”。本文我们先看基础版的题目。

[例1]2013年全国II卷

At the same time， the“Fringe”appeared as a challenge to the official festival...

Soon， groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University， and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge， Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.

42. Who joined the“Fringe”after it appeared？

A. Popular writers

B. University students.

C. Artists from around the world

D. Performers of music and dance.

解析：根据“‘Fringeafter it appeared”，我们找到“Fringe”所在句的下一段，可以读到：“Soon， groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University， and later from the universities of Oxford...were making the journey... to perform theatre...”我们可以判断答案为B项。

对于基础较弱的考生，我们不妨将一些学校名（首字母大写的一串词）先跳过，此时我们发现，University这一词出现了2次，在第一个University前还有students（与题目所问who吻合），仅选项B能对上。句意是“很快，首先是来自爱丁堡大学，后来则是牛津大学等学校的学生，（他们）去到苏格兰首都，在教堂大厅表演话剧，话剧多出自不知名作家手笔。”

[例2]2014年全国II卷

Since the first Earth Day in 1970， Americans have gotten a lot“greener”toward the environment.“We didnt know at that time there even was an environment， let alone that there was a problem with it， “says Bruce Anderson， president of Earth Day USA.

25. According to Anderson， before 1970， Americans had little idea about_______.

A. the social movement

B. recycling techniques

C. environmental problems

D. the importance of Earth Day

解析：本题需要结合Anderson的话来理解，如果理解了“We didnt know at that time there even was an environment， let alone that there was a problem with it， ”这句话的意思，可以知道答案为C项。当然，可以结合上下文，发现environment一词出现了两次，结合there was a problem with it，发现与选项C environmental problem能对应得上，大意是“在那个时候，我们都不知道环境（这一概念），更别说知道它出现问题了”。

[例3]2015年全国I卷

Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening，... ， coffee drinking and the “talking true”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings... “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels， or ‘people think，”Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think， ‘Think me.”

32. What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope？

A. Learn a new subjectendprint

B. Keep in touch with friends.

C. Show off their knowledge.

D. Express their true feelings.

解析：题目问的是La Chope咖啡厅鼓励人们做什么。在相关的段落，我们能找到这些表达“talking true”，“Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings” “Say‘I think， ‘Think me.”，从这些内容我们可以看到true出现了2次，“talk， say”意思相近，这些表达和D选项“表达（express）他们真正的情感（想法）”是一致的，此处true是关键的线索词了。

[例4]2016年全国I卷

The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups... Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable； therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap （间隙） with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.

32. What does the author say about silence in conversations？

A. It implies anger. B. It promotes friendship.

C. It is culture-specific. D. It is content-based.

解析：题目问的是作者对于谈话中的“安静（沉默）”是怎样说明的。我们迅速定位到相关的段落后，找到“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups”，“Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as...”及“Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as...”，至此我们可以选C项。

这一题很明显cultural出现的次数很多，跟选项C. culture-specific的culture能对应上。大意是在不同文化中，沉默的意义是不同的。在某些文化中，沉默是令人觉得不舒服的，而另一文化中，人们认为沉默是有必要的。

最后还要讲的一点是，笔者在整理此类题目时，并没有把阅读A篇的题目包含在内，而是把焦点放在B、C、D篇，特别是阅读难度较大的C、D篇。在这些相对较难的篇章中寻找考生必得分的题。

此类题目，答案都是较短的题，当然一般是一道题。本着多争取一分是一分的想法，毕竟一分可能就超过千人了嘛，更何况一道阅读题是2分呢。

看完上述例题，不知道考生是否掌握了这一方法。请利用以上所说的方法完成2017年全国卷高考真题。

[练习1]2017年全国I卷

The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest， and it quickly calmed down.

26. What made the chick calm down？

A. A new nest. B. Some food.

C. A recording. D. Its parents.

[练习2]2017年全国II卷

When a leafy plant is under attack， it doesnt sit quietly. Back in 1983， two scientists， Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin， reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds， VOCs for short.

32. What does a plant do when it is under attack？

A. It makes noises.

B. It gets help from other plants.

C. It stands quietly.

D. It sends out certain chemicals.

解题思路参考：

[练习1]

从题目中的calm down我们先顺藤摸瓜，联系上下文，“... to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest， and it quickly calmed down.”这一句，对于成绩好的学生来讲，理解这句话并不难了，选A项。

但对于基础较弱的考生来讲，咱们认真找一找，发现nest出现了2次，而且和A选项对应得上，讲的是作者新做了鸟巢，把小猫头鹰放进去后，它觉得安全了，镇静了。

[练习2]

解这一题，根据“under attack”（根据命题的顺序性原则，这一题是本篇第一题，在第一、二段找到答案的可能性较高）找到第一段，通过寻读，我们找到“...reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals”，据此我们选D项。

如果你的词汇量有限，那么请努力找一下这里面重复出现的单词，而且能和选项对应得上的，除了重复出现有“plants” “chemicals”两个词，但B选项中的gets help在段落中没有找到相应的表达，选项D的sends out则能在原文中找到“trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell”， 也就是和选项D“sends out certain chemicals” 对应得上，大意是如遇虫咬，植物会发出一些化学物质。

责任编辑 蒋小青endprint