The Methodological Connotation of Constructing Socialist Road Recognition with Chinese Characteristics at Present〔*〕

Meng Xiangfei

(School of Marxism Studies Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 201620)

Ⅰ.Connotation,function and basic path of political identity

Political identity is an ancient and eternal topic at all times and in all over the world;it concerns how to make political rule win the trust of the people and maintain the stability of political power.It says in Shangshu Songs of the Five Sons that “People are the foundation of a state,a state can enjoy peace only when the foundation is firmed” and “The country without the people is not able to realize its aspirations”.Mencius said,“The people are the most important,the state less,and the ruler the least”.Aristotle believes that if a regime wants to achieve long-term peace stability,it shall not only make the people in all parts (all classes) of the state able to participate in,but also make the people embrace the desire to make it exist and continue.〔1〕It can be seen that China’s people-based view,or the concept of people’s sovereignty and democratic form of the west are the metaphor for the idea of political identification.In fact,the idea of political identity comes into being with the birth of human political society,but systematic theory of political identity does not appear until the middle of 1950s,and it gradually matures with the western political scholars’ exploration of political culture.For more than ten years,the domestic academics have paid more and more attention to the problem of political identity,and have made many achievements in theoretical and practical research.The research on political identity and its construction has become an academic hotspot in the domestic academia.

With the continuous development of modern democratic politics,political identity has become an important concept in the construction and development of modern democratic politics,and Chinese and foreign scholars also have defined and interpreted the meaning of “political identity” from different disciplines and different perspectives.From the perspective of etymology,political identity is the synthesis of “politics” and “identity”,among which “identity” is the core.For “identity”,American scholar Laurence and Bailey believe in Cultural Identity of the Rome Empire that identity is a set of idea about who they are and what they belong to.The definition of “identity” in Modern Chinese Dictionary is:firstly,the sameness;secondly,acceptance and approval.〔2〕It can be seen that “identity” contains two meanings:firstly,“who” and “what belong to”,as well as the resulting sense of belonging in inner feeling and consciousness;secondly,“acceptance” and “approval”,as well as the resulting positive and active psychological reactions.As for the specific meaning of “political identity”,the interpretation of American political scientist Walter Rosenbaum is more representative and influential.In Rosenbaum’s view,political identity means that a person thinks what political unit (country,nation,city and town,and region),geographical area and group he belongs to,this feeling makes him realize from the psychological level that he is a part of society and strongly feels the “unit and group that he shall be loyal to and responsible for”.〔3〕Obviously,Rosenbaum tends to explain the connotation of political identity from the perspective of political psychology and thinks political identity is an important part of political psychology.In Encyclopedia of China,political identity is defined as:“the sense of belonging in feeling and consciousness to a state,political party,and political thought formed in social and political life.In society,people often identify themselves in a certain social and political relationship;for example,people regard themselves as a member of a state,a region,a stage,or a political party,and consciously or unconsciously regulate their behaviors with the request of a political role.This phenomenon is political identity.”〔4〕This interpretation elevates political identity to the practical level,that is,political identity is not only the category of consciousness and the state of mind,but also a category of practice and external behavior from political cognition to political emotion to political participation.In short,political identity reflects the recognition,evaluation and participation of the identity subject on the political subject,it is the process from mental state to external behavior,and it also reflects the dialectical unity of cognition and practice.

Man is a born “political animal”,and politics is “man’s politics”.Since political identity reflects the intersubjective relationship between identity subject (social member) and political subject (political system),political identity becomes an important variable affecting political stability and development.In terms of the political system,political identity is the important foundation for maintaining its stability and development,and it is also the essential condition for showing its legitimacy.“The legitimacy of a rule of governance is measured by the trust of those who belong to the governance in its legitimacy.”〔5〕Political system shall be “legitimate” and let social members “trust” its “legitimacy”,and political system must have such ability,that is,“to make people have and insist on the faith that the existing political system is the most suitable system for society”.〔6〕For social members,political identity is the reflection of their political pursuit and political expectation in the political life dominated by political system,and this “reflection” can demonstrate its rationality only when it complies with the mainstream value objective of the political system.Therefore,if political system wants to achieve stability and development,it shall firstly solve the problem of “legitimacy”,namely,gain wide acceptance,belief and support from social members,and the key to gain wide acceptance,belief and support from social members is to closely combine its political objectives and political values with the political appeals and inner expectations of social members,and provide forward direction for social members according to the development trend in the future.In fact,whether social members identify with political system,the degree of identity,and the difference in the form of identity depend on the agreement state between social members and political system in terms of political goals and values to a large extent.The high resonance and agreement between political system and social members in political goals and value appeals are the foundation of the stability and development of political system,and also the core goal of the construction of political identity.To achieve this goal,the ruler needs to effectively integrate all the factors and forces that influence and act on political identity activities to make them important resources for constructing social members’ political identity,including coordinating all aspects of interests,governing fairly according to laws and rules,effectively improving the performance of government governance,actively cultivating political culture,and strengthening the construction of ideology,etc.Therefore,the basic way to construct political identity is to play the role of these factors and forces,focus on interest identity mechanism,system identity mechanism and value (ideology) identity mechanism by means of benefit induction,political discipline training,cultural cultivation and social reference,etc,and respect,satisfy and guide the expectations of social members,and arouse the enthusiasm,determination and confidence of all social members in the struggle for a common cause,and make the pluralistic political subjects reach a basic political consensus in the process of extensive political interaction and competition by integrating the political identity resources,widening the channel of interest expression,expanding the path of political participation and promoting the construction of political culture,etc.

Ⅱ.Causes of the current identity dilemma of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics

In today’s China,the most important manifestation of citizen’s political identity undoubtedly is that most people think China is on the right road.General Secretary Xi Jinping points out,“The road that Chinese people take is the road chosen by history.Road determines fate.A country,a nation,can only achieve its own development goals when finding the right path.Since the reform and opening up,China’s economy has grown at an average annual rate of nearly 10%,making it the world’s second largest economy,more than 600 million people have been lifted out of poverty,and per capita GDP has exceeded 7000 dollars.China takes decades to complete the development course that developed countries have walked for hundreds of years,which fully shows that the Chinese people are on the right road.”〔7〕On the road of modernization,we have created Chinese miracle on the basis of socialism with Chinese characteristics,have gone out of a unique development path on the basis of the combination of basic principles of Marxism and China’s specific reality,and have broken the so-called wrong conclusion of “modernization is westernization”.The connotation of socialist road with Chinese characteristics is rich,and its basic features can be summarized as:implement the multi-party cooperation system and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and adhere to the party’s leadership of all works in terms of political party system;persist in taking the public ownership as the main body and developing the diversified ownership economy together,and also persist in the direction of socialist market economy reform in terms of economic system;construct the multicultural coexistence of socialism with Chinese characteristics under the guidance of Marxism in terms of ideology and culture;respect nature,conform to nature,protect nature,and promote the coordinated development of man and nature with the goal of “beautiful China” in terms of ecological construction;improve the people’s livelihood and innovate social governance based on the construction of harmonious society in terms of social construction;and practice the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and the concept of “community with a common future” in terms of international communication.Under the guidance of the socialist path with Chinese characteristics,China has made great achievements and overall progress in political construction,economic construction,social construction,cultural construction,ecological civilization construction and Party’s Construction over the past 40 years of reform and opening up,not only the masses’ sense of gain and happiness have been greatly enhanced,but also the masses’ sense of identity to the socialist road with Chinese characteristics has been greatly enhanced.But at the same time,we should be aware that in the process of profound social transformation and the surge of globalization,significant changes have taken place in citizens’ interests,behaviors and ideas and the diversity of value and belief is becoming more and more obvious with the remarkable improvement of the heterogeneity of social life.To objectively and concretely analyze the current realistic dilemma faced by the identity construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the premise to accurately grasp the path for the current identity construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics and enhance the validity of identity construction.

1.Political identity dilemma caused by the asymmetry of Chinese and western academic discourse power

At present,we are facing two basic facts.The first one is the rise of China,and around this “fact”,the expression of “Chinese road” is gradually put forward and recognized by academia.In fact,the expression of “Chinese road” mainly stems from the not yet realized “Chinese dream” of the great rejuvenation of Chinese nation since the Opium War in 1840,and also stems from the impulse of discourse construction to narrow the distance between “Chinese road” and “socialism with Chinese characteristics”.Therefore,the second fact appears,that is,the contents of “Chinese road” are very rich and the story is wonderful,but the construction of academic discourse related to “Chinese road” is relatively deficient.It is undeniable that many scholars,especially western scholars,have been extremely pessimistic about the future of “Chinese road” for a long time in the past,even the “China’s collapse theory” and “China’s uncertainty theory” were once very popular.Although the “China’s collapse theory” has long been falsified by reality,“China’s uncertainty theory” still occupies a certain market.The reason is that there are still many questions about the socialist road with Chinese characteristics in the domestic and foreign academia and the social public,and “Chinese road” needs to be further improved in the construction of socialist democracy and rule of law,especially in the construction of market economy.It is true that the reason why these questions exist at home and abroad is,on the surface,that “Chinese road” is still “surviving and being constructed” at the practical level,but if going into the reason seriously,it is that “Chinese road” and “The theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics” have not yet fully overlapped in practice and theory.“To uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics,we need to constantly explore in practice and theory,and guide the developing practice with the developing theory.”〔8〕Since nearly 40 years of reform and opening up,especially,since the Eighteenth National Congress of the CPC,although China has achieved remarkable development achievements and improved its comprehensive national strength,and its development has provided the world with another choice outside the liberal and democratic political framework in the west,which has expanded the way for the developing countries to modernization,under the strong dominance of the western political theory and academic discourse supremacy,that “the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics” is inadequate in explaining the theory of “Chinese road” has weakened the deep theoretical support mechanism for the identity of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics,which affects the identity of the public at home and abroad on the current political system in China,eliminates the political validity and legitimacy foundation of the political system to a certain extent,and leads to the current identity dilemma of Chinese politics.

2.Political identity dilemma caused by the imbalance of the internal tension of interest,system and value

Since the reform and opening up,with the transformation from planned economy to market economy,the adjustment of ownership structure,the change in the mode of income distribution,the breaking of urban-rural dual structure,the uneven development of the eastern and western regions,and so on,the interest pattern and social class have undergone diversified changes,and the phenomenon of class differentiation and interest differentiation has been obvious.The profound changes in interest relationship and interest pattern bring about the change in interest from averaging to multi-polarization and from stability to variability,and the value orientation aimed at pursuing economic interests leads to the widening gap between the rich and the poor and the uneven distribution of social wealth.On January 20,2017,the head of the State Statistics Bureau said at a press conference held by the Information Office of the State Council that in recent years,the Gini coefficient of China had shown a downward trend in general,it was 0.465 in 2016,but the Gini coefficient of China was still higher than the warning line 0.4 set by the United Nations.The Gini coefficient directly reflects the gap between the rich and the poor among the social members,and it also reflects the degree of the difference in benefit distribution.The interest is not only realistic,but also specific.In Marx’s opinion,everything that people struggle in social life is closely related to interest.〔9〕The size of interest satisfaction has a direct impact on the social members’ evaluation of political system.Interest identity is the basis of political identity,and unreasonable interest adjustment and interest differentiation restrict and influence the social members’ identity to the political system.Of course,the conflict of material interests is initially manifested only as social members’ dissatisfaction with their own interests,such dissatisfaction has not risen to the category of political identity,and the change of interest pattern is not enough to trigger conflicts.However,if social members think that the differentiation of interest distribution is caused by social injustice,political identity crisis,and even conflicts will occur,which has been proved repeatedly in real political life.〔10〕This is because the sense of injustice,sense of relative deprivation and sense of powerlessness caused by interest distribution will make social members turn to the concern of system and value,but once the injustice of system or the lag of system impedes the interest appeal channel,the benefit compensation channel,and the political participation channel of the social members,especially the disadvantaged,realistic conflicts,even large-scale mass conflict event will occur,which affects the legitimacy of political system and the political identity of social members.The situation that system orientation reacts slow or even absent in the separation of interest oriented and value orientation appeared in the process of economic and social transformation in China,as well as the problem that political culture and ideology lack sufficient persuasion and penetration under the erosion of multiple values have affected the social members’ identity and satisfaction with the party and the government to a certain extent,so the imbalance of the internal tension of interest,system and value is one of the important factors that cause the current identity dilemma of the socialistic road with Chinese characteristics.

3.Political identity dilemma caused by improper construction method and the lack of feedback mechanism

Today,China is a transition country with significant improvement of the degree of heterogeneity,how to adapt to this significant improvement of the degree of heterogeneity is an important challenge faced and an important task to be solved by the identity construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics.The construction of political identity refers to ideological and political education activity essentially,and it has its own objective law of development.In general,the construction system of political identity includes four elements:subject,object,medium,and environmental body.Among them,social members are the subject of political identity,and social and political life is the object of political identity,construction means and channels are the medium of political identity,and the real field environment is the environmental body of political identity.In terms of the identity subject of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics,the diversification of subject is obvious,and the basic characteristics and changes of the class and stratum identity,political identity,national identity,cultural identity,gender identity,age identity,and occupational identity of the identity subject are the premise of political identity.In terms of the object of political identity (target),it includes political subject (state,government,and ruling party) identity,political norm (system and policy) identity,political performance (interest) identity,political process (fairness and justice) identity,and political culture (value and ideology) identity,etc.And in terms of the construction means and construction channels of political identity,they include economic construction,democratic political construction,political culture construction and social construction,etc.In addition,the construction of political identity is a dynamic and fluid process,and it is also progressive process of political psychology and political behavior from cognition to emotion to belief.Therefore,political identity expresses multiple levels,including low-level instinct identity,middle-level emotional identity,and high-level rational identity (Among them,only the high-level rational identity based on the deep understanding of political system can produce good political behaviors conducive to political stability and development).The pluralism of the subject of political identity,the diversity of the object of political identity,the multiplicity of the target of political identity,and the multilevel of the degree of political identity determine the complexity of its construction.Therefore,in the identity construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics,if there is no objective and specific analysis of the identity of different subjects,and the construction method is single or improper,the pertinence and validity of the identity construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics will be weakened,thus causing the political identity dilemma.

Ⅲ.Ways and approaches to construct the identity of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics

1.Constantly improving the political identity function of academic discourse system in the practice of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics

“Discourse is power” is one of the strongest metaphors that French thinker Michel Foucault contributes to the world,and it is also one of the most powerful philosophical propositions.In fact,whether in our daily life discourse,or in the written text,“omnipresent” power is hidden behind,discourse transmits,produces and strengthens power.Such “omnipresent” power is permeated in our daily social practice and life,although it is difficult to be perceived by us,it exists everywhere.Moreover,such “omnipresent” power is a “political technology that dominates the human body” and a “dominant social force”,which has the “legislative function of judicature”〔11〕Since discourse and power are closely linked,such “political technology that dominates the human body” and “dominant social force” has the ability to describe,explain,and standardize the world.That is to say,whoever masters the discourse power will master the world,and will also master the commanding point of the judgment on political system.The academic interpretation,value shaping and leading function of academic discourse system profoundly affect people’s judgment on political system and people’s construction of political identity.In fact,the western developed countries,especially the United States,have mastered the global discourse power by virtue of their strong economic strength,culture,and so-called democratic system and religious value,and carried out strong penetration and expansion to global post-development countries,especially developing countries.Under the strong academic discourse system of the west,the so-called “democracy and freedom” and “free market economy” are often the yardstick for judging the nature of politics and economy.Looking back on China,due to the lack of international discourse power,both domestic and foreign people have no in-depth understanding of the connotation and essence of Chinese road,they even doubt Chinese road,which leads us to be in a state of passively being scolded,and weakens and eliminates the political identity and confidence in the socialist road with Chinese characteristics.The deep propulsion and forward development of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics,“Chinese road”,“Chinese model” and ‘Chinese experience” need us to establish a strong discourse system as the support to obtain wide acceptance and identity both at home and abroad.

The construction of academic discourse system is an important link in the construction of political identity,once the academic discourse system is formed,it can form value judgments and play an important leading role in the construction of society.Academic discourse system is firstly a theoretical system,and it explains and reveals a series of specific norms and concepts of the world in a theoretical way.Therefore,to establish a very explanatory socialist academic discourse system with Chinese characteristics and draw the distance between “China Road” and “Chinese ideology”,we should firstly have theoretical self-consciousness and theoretical thinking.Theoretical thinking is a necessary condition for a nation to stand at the summit of science.Theoretical self-consciousness is to grasp the development rule of theory under certain historical conditions,make theoretical summary and theoretical innovation based on social reality,and use developing theory to promote the development of practice.Since its birth,our party has relied on high theoretical self-consciousness and theoretical thinking to enrich,improve and develop Marxism,and used the latest achievements of Sinicization of Marxism to guide the revolution,construction and reform practice and win one great victory after another.At present,adhering to,improving and developing the socialist road with Chinese characteristics can’t be without high degree of theoretical self-consciousness and theoretical thinking.This kind of theoretical self-consciousness and theoretical thinking is to adhere to the combination of the basic principles of Marxism and the concrete reality of China,stand on China’s economic and social development practice,and create,refine and summarize academic concepts,theoretical frameworks and major propositions with Chinese characteristics,form an academic discourse system that can be widely recognized by the international community and fit China’s social reality,and use the systematic academic language to provide theoretical support and discourse logic for the socialist road Chinese characteristics on the basis of profound understanding of the development rule of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics,the in-depth understanding of the basic characteristics of China’s national conditions and the trend of the development trend of the international community,and learning drawing lessons from the scientific elements and reasonable contents of western academic discourse system.Secondly,we should give full play to the guiding and leading function of academic discourse system in the construction of political identity.Max once pointed out:“Critical weapons,of course,can’t replace the criticism of weapons,and material power can only be destroyed by material power;but as soon as theory grasps the masses,it will become material force.As long as theory convinces people,it can master the masses;and as long as theory is thorough,it can convince people.”〔12〕In order to make the masses understand,recognize and accept the academic discourse system based on the practice of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics and have strong resonance,and finally participate in political construction and maintain political stability and development from the ear,the brain and the heart,we need to actively and effectively disseminate the socialist academic discourse system with Chinese characteristics,strengthen the academic interpretation and popular interpretation of discourse system,emphasize the explanatory power,persuasive power,penetrating power and influence power of academic discourse,and fundamentally enhance the broad masses’ confidence in the socialist road with Chinese characteristics,theory,system and culture and promote the identity to the socialist road with Chinese characteristics.Of course,this takes a long and arduous process and requires persistent efforts.

2.Enhancing the pertinence and penetration of the identity construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics with mass decentralization,level,and classification as approach

Certain political identity is always formed in a specific space-time field,and it is the product of political socialization.As a kind of inner emotion and thought cognition,political identity is specific and personal identity of social members in real life.Different subjects of political identity have different understanding of political subjects,political norms,political procedures,political performance and political culture,even the same identity subjects have different understanding of the target of political identity,or disagree with all,or hold negative and opposed attitude towards individual and part.The survey of “political identity and political stability” carried out nationwide by Institute of Politics of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2012 shows that there is a clear gap between the values of different citizen groups in different dimensions of political identity,such as right cognition,interest cognition,political communication cognition,political participation,citizen satisfaction and so on.Therefore,the construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics should be based on the implementation of general approach,that is,integrate political identity resources,broaden interest expression channels,expand political participation channels,and promote political and cultural construction,and focus on the construction approaches of the political identity of different subjects,that is,take classification (by content and step) promotion according to the identity situation and degree (including low-level instinct identity,middle-level emotional identity,and high-level rational identity) of different political identity subjects to political identity objects.The identity construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics with mass decentralization,level,and classification as approach is of great significance to respect the subjectivity and difference of social members,clarify the key issues such as “whose identity”,“what to identify with” and “how to identify”,solve the realistic identity dilemma of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics,enhance the pertinence and penetration of the construction of political identity,and then enhance the confidence in the socialist road with Chinese characteristic,theory,system,and culture.The following aspects are specifically included:

The so-called mass decentralization is to divide according to the identity background of political identifiers (subject of political identity),mainly including class and stratum identity,political identity,national identity,cultural identity,gender identity,age identity and so on.The changes in the basic characteristics and identity of the political identity subject will lead to the changes in their political identity.Starting from “real and emotional people”,taking the improvement of construction effect as core,learning from Marxist class and stratum theory,social stratification theory,and mass-decentralized transmission theory,and combining subdivision principle,we can divide the subject of political identity into worker group,intellectual group,government official group,military group,peasant laborer group,and new social interest group,etc,among which the new social interest group includes individual laborer group,private businessman group,peasant worker group,entrepreneur group,and college student group,etc.So-called level:divide according to the objects (targets) of political identity,mainly including political subject identity,political norm identity,political process identity,political performance identity,and political culture identity,etc.The relationship between the objects of political identity is very complex,and it usually follows logic of interest (performance) identity,system (government) identity,culture (value) identity.Among them,we should fully investigate and analyze the level (degree) of the identity objects of different political identity subjects,and then provide the basic framework and thinking path for solving the crisis of real political identity and realizing the stable development of society and politics.So-called classification:divide according to the construction contents of political identity,mainly including the construction around interest identity mechanism,system identity mechanism and value identity mechanism,namely,to construct the support and guarantee of political identity through carrying out economic development,democratic political construction,political culture construction and social construction.In this process,we should improve the construction contents of political identity and realize the multidimensional transformation of construction contents from “knowledge” to “humanization”,“politicization’ to “lifelization”,“simplification” to “diversification”,and “conceptualization” to “practice” according to the principle of “life determines consciousness”,we should improve the content of political identification on the basis of the difference of political identity subjects and the diversity of needs.In addition,a fair and reasonable evaluation and feedback mechanism should be set up in the construction,and the effectiveness of political identity construction can only be fully manifested in the continuous feedback and improvement in the process of mass decentralization,level,and classification construction.Of course,the establishment of evaluation and feedback mechanism is a very complex task,which requires us to constantly explore in practice.

Ⅳ.Conclusion

The construction of political identity is a complex and systematic project,a continuous process,and also a process of practical activities with strong political attributes and ideological attributes.In addition,no matter from the process of identity or from the development change of identity results,political identity is dynamic and fluid,and the construction of political identity is a process of political interaction,not a result,which should be a broad consensus.The complexity,systematicness and variability of political identity determines that the current identity construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics must pay attention to the new characteristics,new changes and new trends of social members (identity subject),social and political life (identity object),the means of identity construction (identity medium) and the identity field (environmental body of identity).Therefore,to establish a scientific and effective identity mechanism of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics,we should not only subdivide the subjects of political identity,respect their law of psychological acceptance to social and political life,respect their diversity,particularity and otherness,respect their interest needs and political concerns,but also objectively analyze the reality of social and political life in specific space-time field and the development and change rule of the means of political identity construction.Only by prescribing the right medicine and having a definite aim in the process of construction can we further improve the effects of the identity construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics.

References:

〔1〕〔Ancient Greek〕 Aristotle, Politics,translated by Wu Shoupeng,Commercial Press,1996,p.188.

〔2〕 Modern Chinese Dictionary,Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House,2009,p.503.

〔3〕〔America〕 Rosenbaum:Political Culture,Laurel Book Co.,Ltd,1984,p.6.

〔4〕 Encyclopedia of China (politics),Encyclopedia of China Publishing House,1992,p.501.

〔5〕〔Germany〕 Harbermas:Communication and Social Evolution,translated by Zhang Boshu,Chongqing Publishing House,1987,p.206.

〔6〕〔America〕 Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man:The Social Bases of Politics,translated by Zhang Shaozong,Shanghai People’s Publishing House,2011,p.47.

〔7〕Xi Jinping,Jointly Advocate Openness and Inclusiveness and Promote Peaceful Development- Speech at the Dinner Party of the Mayor of Financial City London, Global Times,October 22,2015.

〔8〕Xi Jinping, Speech at the Symposium on the Work of Philosophy and Social Science,People’s Publishing House,2016,p.2.

〔9〕 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (Volume I),People’s Publishing House,1956,p.82.

〔10〕Li Peilin et al, Class Consciousness and Social Conflict,Social Sciences Press,2005,p.251.

〔11〕Wang Fufang,Discourse “Authority” Mainly Derives from the Guarantee of System,contained in Social Sciences Weekly,December 12,2013,Issue 1390,Version 5.

〔12〕 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (Volume I),People’s Publishing House,1995,p.9.