透过高考看状语从句

2018-03-20 17:40孝文豪
求学·文科版 2018年2期
关键词:主句连词省略

孝文豪

一、高考中狀语从句的考查点

状语从句是高中英语句法的重要组成部分,按照主句与从句的逻辑关系,状语从句分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、目的状语从句及结果状语从句等。状语从句在高考中出现的频率非常高, 尤其是对引导状语从句的连词的考查每年高考都有,以全国卷为例,近两年主要出现在语法填空与短文改错中。这类题难度为中等略偏下,旨在考查考生是否具有精准判定不同连词的能力。

除考查引导词外,状语从句与其他语法结合在一起的综合考查也经常出现在高考题中,如状语从句中的时态、状语从句的省略、状语从句与倒装句的考查等。

二、状语从句要点例析

1. 时间状语从句

(1) when引导的时间状语从句,意为“当……的时候”,when引导的从句中的动词可以用延续性动词,也可以用非延续性动词。如:

He was working at the table when I went in.

I will visit my good friend when I have time.

when也可以作并列连词,表示一个动作正在进行的时候,突然间发生了另外一件事。常用在was/were doing…when…,was/were about to do…when…或had done…when…的结构中。

(2)while引导的时间状语从句,表示“与……同时,在……期间”,while引导的从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的词。如:

They rushed in while we were discussing problems.

Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games.

while也可以作并列连词,表示对比的转折关系,意为“然而”;还可引导让步状语从句,表示“尽管”。

(3)as引导的时间状语从句,意为“当……的时候,一边……一边……;随着……”,在as引导的从句中可使用延续性动词,也可使用非延续性动词,表示动作发生的过程。如:

As time goes by (With time going by), we have a better understanding of things around us.

【指点迷津】when, while和as的选择

选择这三个词的时候,首先根据句意判断,as有“随着……”之意,另外两个没有;其次根据从句中的动词判断,while后须接延续性动词,而when和as后既可接延续性动词,也可接非延续性动词;最后根据固定句型判断,如was/were doing…when…; as time goes by…等。

(4)before的基本意义是“在……之前”,但在不同的语境中可以翻译为“没过多久……就”“还没来得及……就”“过多久……才”“趁……还没有时”。如:

He shut the door before I could say a word.

It will be/was +一段时间+before…常被看作一个句型,表示“过了多长时间才……”。be也可和情态动词连用。

(5)since引导的时间状语从句,意为“自从……”,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。如:

We have made many dumplings since we began to cook.

It is/has been six years since she graduated from the university.

【指点迷津】在“It is +时间+since从句”的句型中,从句中的动词如果是瞬间动词,则此句表示“做某事已有多长时间了”;如果从句中的动词是延续性动词,则此从句表示“不做某事已经有多长时间了”。

(6)till,until引导的时间状语从句,意为“直到……为止”,not … till / until引导的时间状语从句,意为“直到……才”。前者强调主句动作的结束,主句用延续性动词,后者强调主句动作的开始,用非延续性动词。如:

Go straight on until you come to a bridge.

We wont start our discussion until / till he comes.

until常与强调句式连用,构成It is/was not until…that…结构;not until置于句首,后面引导的句子用倒装语序,构成not until…did/do…结构。

(7)其他形式的时间状语从句

the moment, the minute, each/every/any time, the first/second… time, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly…when, immediately, directly, instantly等表示时间的名词词组或副词可以引导时间状语从句,表示“一……就……;每一次……”等意。如:

The moment they saw the teacher, they ran away.

Every time I saw her, I ask her about her family affairs.

I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.

Hardly(scarcely, rarely)... when, no sooner... than相当于as soon as。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。

(8)by the time引导的状语从句,意为“到……为止”,从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时;从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句用将来完成时。如:

By the time you came back, I had finished this book.

By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work.

2. 原因状语从句

(1)原因状语从句的引导词主要有because, since, as, for等。如:

Shes in a bad mood because her father wont let her go to the party tonight.

Since you are unable to answer, perhaps we should ask someone else.

He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyes were failing.

We asked Philip to come with us, as he knew the road.

【指点迷津】because表示直接的原因或理由,着重点在从句,用于回答why,语气最强,常译为“因为”;for引导的从句提供一些补充说明或解释,不能用在句首,前面往往有逗号或分号与主句分开;since一般表示对方已知的、无须加以说明的既成事实的理由,全句中心在主句,语气比because弱,常译为“既然”;as表示十分明显的原因,一般说明因果关系,着重点在主句,语气较弱,意为“由于”。

(2)可引导原因状语从句的还有seeing that, now that, considering that等。如:

Now that I thought, I acted the same way when I was his age.

I wont stay long, seeing that youre busy.

3. 地点状语从句

地点状语从句常用where, wherever等连词引导,wherever表示“在任何地方”。

Put it where you can see it.

You can camp wherever you like.

【指点迷津】where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别

(1)where引导定语从句时,where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词,where引导的从句修饰先行词。如:

The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

(2)where引导状语从句时,where是从属连词,where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词,where前面没有表示地点的先行词。如:

Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Hanjiang River meet.

Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.

(3)有时where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义,可放在主句的前面。如:

Where there is a will, there is a way.

4. 条件状语从句

(1)条件状语从句表示“如果,要是”,引导条件状语从句的引导词主要有if, unless, once等。其中的unless是否定词,意为“除非,要不是”,once表示“一旦”。如:

If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you.

(2)引導条件状语从句的还有in case(万一……),as/so long as (只要),on condition that (在……情况下) 等短语。如:

So long as I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.

I always take something to read when I go to the doctors in case I have to wait.

5. 让步状语从句

(1)让步状语从句一般由although, though, even if, even though引导,另一句中不能出现but,但可有still, yet, nevertheless。如:

Although/Even though I didnt know anybody at the party, I had a very good time.

I still look fat, even though Ive been exercising fairly regularly.

(2)用whether…or引导让步状语从句,意为“无论是否……”。如:

Whether it rains or not, I shall go out for an outing tomorrow.

(3)-ever引导的让步状语从句

由whoever, whichever, whatever, wherever, whenever, however引导,相当于no matter who/which/what/where/when/how的让步状语从句,表示“无论……”。如:

Whatever happens, we shall never lose hope.

However cold it is, she often goes swimming.

(4)while, if也可引导让步状语从句,表示“尽管”,相当于although。如:

While forbidden fruit is said to taste sweeter, it usually spoils faster.

If a jewel falls into the mud, it remains as precious as before.

though, as引导让步状语从句,从句中的状语、表语及谓语动词的一部分要置于as/though之前,且表语中的冠词要省略。

6. 方式状语从句

方式状语从句放在主句之后,用as,just as (正如),as if/as though 等引导,其中as if, as though引导的从句有时用虚拟语气,但如果所描述的情况很可能是事实,也可用陈述语气。如:

You may do as you please.

The old man runs fast as if he were a young man.

as if, as though从句可以用省略形式,后面接不定式、分词、形容词或介词短语。

7. 目的状语从句

目的状语从句一般由so, so that, in order that, in case (以防),for fear that等引导,常放在主句之后,从句中常用情态动词may, might, can, could, shall, should, would等。如:

He works hard in order that he can serve his country well.

Ill show you so that you can see how its done.

for fear that也可引导目的状语从句,意为“以防”,可转换为for fear of sth/doing sth。

8. 结果状语从句

结果状语从句一般由so that, so…that…, such…that…引导。如:

The box is so heavy that nobody can move it.

He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.

so that既可引导目的状语从句,也可引导结果状语从句,但引导结果状语从句时通常用逗号同主句分开;结果状语从句是so…that结构时,so可放在句首,后面的分句部分倒装。

9. 比较状语从句

比较状语从句常由as…as, than, not so…as, the more…the more等引导。

I know you better than he does.

The more we can do for you, the happier we will be.

10. 状语从句的省略

一般来说,省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,even if,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;由as,than等引导的比较状语从句;由as,as if,as though等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时,并非任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循下列原則:当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致且从句中含有系动词be的某种形式时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be;当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致,但从句主语是it,从句中又含有系动词be的某种形式时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。

【指点迷津】“连词+省略结构”省略了从句的主语(与主句主语一致)和主语后的动词be。考生应先理解句意,然后根据此动作与主句的主语之间的逻辑关系判断,如果是主动情况,一般用ing形式,如果是被动情况,则用过去分词。

11. 状语从句中的时态

在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,主句如果用一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。如:

If you dont have breakfast, you will be hungry when having class.

You had better take the umbrella in case it rains.

【指点迷津】一般来说,状语从句中的时态应该与主句一致,如主句用过去时态,那么从句也要用过去时。但是也有些固定句型的时态相对固定,如it is... since...,hardly... when..., by the time...等。

三、状语从句答题方法

状语从句的类型比较多,但特征很明确,即“引导词+从句+主句”的模式。我们需要重点关注的是引导词的选用。

要选用适当的引导词,我们首先需要理解句意,根据句意判断句子间的逻辑关系,从而找到合适的引导词。

其次,有一些相对固定的句型对于我们选用适当的引导词也很有帮助,如hardly…when, it is…since…等句型。

狀语从句的类型比较多,牢记不同类型的状语从句的引导词也非常重要,有的引导词会适用于几种不同的状语从句,如while,既可引导时间状语从句,也可引导让步状语从句,还可表示转折的意义,在并列句中用法丰富,同学们需要熟悉这些用法与意义。

·即时小练·

1. I was walking down the street a friend called and said, “Dude, youve got to run home.You re going to be on the radio in 20 minutes.”

2. he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.

3. Hard I learned, I was happy then.

4. However, I told myself that I had to calm down and look after my mum, I promised to my dad.

5. I have called them my China diaries I always wrote a journal about my personal experiences.

6. It is so cold that you cant go outside fully covered in thick clothes.

7. We need to get to the root of the problem we can solve it.

8. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, great it is.

9. Ill make some sandwiches, just we get hungry later.

10. I couldnt fully understand what he wanted to show in his paintings, I thought his works were quite impressive.

答案:1. when 2. Where 3.as/though 4. as 5. since 6. unless 7. before 8. however 9. in case 10. While/Although

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