汉译英的翻译技巧

田明

摘要：把汉语句子和段落用一种方式译出来是容易的，但能用多种方式进行翻译，才算得上真正的语音功底。要用多种方式进行翻译就需要翻译的技巧。本文将就此技巧进行探讨。

关键词：翻译；句子成份；分析；移位

要将一个句子用多种方式进行翻译就必须对句子成份的划分作“移位”处理。

例一：我们上大学，学知识。如果把“上”和“学”两个动词都划为谓语，就属“并列”；如果把“上”划分为谓语，把“学”划分为状语，就属“不定式作目的状语”；如果把“上大学”划分为“学知识”的途径，就属“方式状语”；如果是“我们上了大学，学到了知识，” 就把“学知识”划分为“结构状语。”因此，根据以上的划分，这个句子就可用四种方式进行翻译：

1.We go to college and study things. （并列）

2.We go to college to study things.（目的）

3.We study things by going to college.（ 方式 ）

4.We went to college， as a result， we learnt things. （ 结果 ）

我们可以据此举一反三：

例二：警察围山，抓罪犯。

1.The police surrounded the hill and grasped the criminal.（并列）

2.The police surrounded the hill to grasp the criminal.（目的）

3.The police grasped the criminal by surrounding the hill.（方式）

4.The police surrounded the hill， as a result， They grasped the criminal. （结果）

例三：刘翔参加运动会，获得金牌。

1.Liu Xiang took part in the sports meet and gained a golden medal.

2.Liu Xiang took part in the sports meet to win a golden medal.

3.Liu Xiang gained a golden medal by taking part in the sports meet.

4.Liu Xiang took part in the sports meet， as a result， he gained a golden medal.

同样，这样的“移位”也可应用在其它句子的翻译中：

例一：我们可以将信息转换成密码来保密。

如果把“转换”划分为谓语动词，“保密就划分为“目的状语：

We can transfer information into a code to keep it secret.

In order to keep secret， we can transfer information into a code.

如果把“保密”划分为谓语动词，“转换”就划分为“方式状语：”

We can keep the information secret by transferring it into a code.

以次类推，段落文字的翻译也用“移位”的方法进行：

例一： 我们坚持稳中求进工作总基调，迎难而上，开拓进取，取得了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的历史性成就。如果将“坚持”、“迎难而上”和“开拓进取”划分为联动谓语，把“取得了”划分为“结构状语，” 该段文字的翻译如下：We persisted In the underlying principle of pursing progress while insuring stability， pushed ahead In face of difficulties， pioneered and explored， as a result， We made historic achievements In the reform， opening up and the socialist modernization.但如果把“堅持”、“迎难而上”和“开拓进取”划分为“方式状语，” 把“取得”划分为谓语，该段文字就有了第二种翻译，而这种译文才更贴近英国人的思维：

We have made historic achievements by pursing progress while insuringstability， pushing ahead in face of difficulties， pioneering and exploring.例二：五年来，我们党以巨大的政治勇气和强烈的责任担当，提出一系列新理论新思想新战略，出台一系列重大方针政策，推出一系列重大举措，推进一系列重大工作，解决了许多长期想解决而没有解决的难题，办成了许多过去想办而没有办成的大事，推动党和国家事业发生历史性变革。如果将“提出”、“出台”、“推出”、“推进”划分为谓语联动，把“解决”和“办成”就划分为“结果状语”的话，该段文字的英文翻译如下：

For five years， our Party has demonstrated tremendous political courage and a powerful sense of mission as it has developed new ideas， new thinking， and new strategies， adopted a raft of major principles and policies， launched a host of major initiatives， and pushed ahead with many major tasks. We have solved many tough problems that were long on the agenda but never resolved， and accomplished many things that were wanted but never got done. With this， we have prompted historic shifts in the cause of the Party and the country. These historic changes will have a powerful and far-reaching effect on the development of this cause.

如果将“解决”和“办成”划分为谓语，而把“提出”、“出台”、“推出”和“推进”划分为四个方式状语，该段文字的英文翻译就是：

（1）Since the five years， with great courage and strong responsibility， our Party had put forward a series of new ideas， new thoughts and new strategies， launched a series of important policies， brought forth a series of major measures， and promoted a series of great projects， as a result， we have cracked many tough problems which we wanted to for long but we failed， and accomplished the great tasks which we wanted to in the past but we failed， which has pushed ahead the historic changes in the causes of our Party and our country.（2）Since the five years， with great political courage and strong responsibility， our Party has cracked many tough problems which we wanted to for long but we failed， and accomplished many great projects which we wanted to in the past but we failed by putting forward a series of new ideas， new thoughts and new strategies， bringing forth a series of important policies， launching a series of major measures and advancing a series of great projects， which has pushed forward the causes of our Party and our country.

如果能對一个句子和一段文字进行这样的分析，处理和移位，就进入了汉译英的自由王国和最佳境界。（作者单位：重庆大学附属肿瘤医院）

参考文献

[1]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海：上外教育出版社，2018.

[2]武侦.英翻汉教程新说[M].北京：北大出版社，2016.

[3]许建平.英汉互译[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2015.