高考定语从句核心考点透析

河南

在定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句这三大从句中，定语从句是高考考查的重点。在备考中，教师需要明确定语从句的命题规律与趋势，帮助学生进一步科学、高效地进行备考。

一、考情分析

2014—2018年全国卷语法填空中定语从句考查分析表

通过研读上述表格和高考真题，笔者发现，在高考中，定语从句一直是语法填空题中的高频考点之一，且试题中关系代词和关系副词均有涉及。

二、考点透析

（一）关系代词

1.who的用法

【真题考例】

（1）( 2018 •6 月 浙 江 卷，57）Many westerners_______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.

（2）(2017 •全 国 卷 III，64）But Sarah, _______ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

（3）(2016 •全国卷 III，67）Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, _______ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.

分析：

（1）who/that。先行词 Many westerners指人，关系代词在限制性定语从句中作主语，故填who/that。

（2）who。两个逗号之间为非限制性定语从句，先行词Sarah指人，且关系代词在从句中作主语，故填who。

（3）who。 先行词 the great Chinese scholar Confucius指人，关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作主语，故填who。

【考点透析】

关系代词who的核心用法一览表

2.whom的用法

【真题考例】

（1）( 2016 •江苏卷，23 改编）Many young people,most of ________ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

（2）( 2016 •天津卷，3 改编）When walking down the street, I came across David, ________ I haven’t seen for years.

（3）( 2015 •江 苏 卷， 阅 读 理 解 C 改 编）It was assumed that those people for ________ the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.

分析：

（1）whom。先行词 Many young people指人，关系代词在从句中作为介词of的宾语，故填whom。

（2）whom。第二个逗号之后为非限制性定语从句，先行词David指人，关系代词在从句中作seen的宾语，故填whom。

（3）whom。先行词those people指人，关系代词在从句中作介词for的宾语，故填whom。

【考点透析】

关系代词whom的核心用法一览表

3.which的用法

【真题考例】

（1）( 2018 •全国卷 I，66）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _______showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.

（2）( 2017 •全国卷 I，70）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, _______ is not good for the health.

（3）( 2017 •11 月 浙 江 卷，57）Like many things in life, it’s an ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there’s enough room for improvement, ________ means you’ll just keep getting better and better.

（4）( 2016 •6 月 浙 江 卷，11 改 编）Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of ________ has been proved.

分析：

（1）which/that。空前的名词study为先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，故填which/that。

（2）which。空前的...to have too much of both为先行词，关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作主语，故填which。

（3）which。空前的一句话是先行词，关系代词在非限定性定语从句中作主语，故填which。

（4）which。many theories为先行词，关系代词在从句中作介词of的宾语，故填which。

【考点透析】

关系代词which的核心用法一览表

4.that的用法

【真题考例】

（1）( 2018 •全 国 卷 II，69）The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil-testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

（2）( 2018 •北京卷，9 改编）A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists _______ had been trapped in the mountains for two days.

（3）( 2014 •陕西卷，13 改编）Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.

分析：

（1）that/which。空前的a soil-testing program为先行词，关系代词在从句中作主语，故填that/which。

（2）who/that。先行词two tourists指人，关系代词在限制性定语从句中作主语，故填who/that。

（3）that。先行词information指物，关系代词在从句中作have的宾语，而先行词由不定代词all修饰，故填that。

【考点透析】

关系代词that的核心用法一览表

5.whose的用法

【真题考例】

（1）( 2018 •天津卷，2 改编）Kate, ________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.

（2）( 2018 •全国卷 III，阅读理解 D 改编）Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl ________ mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.

（3）( 2017 •江 苏 卷，28）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

分析：

（1）whose。两个逗号之间为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Kate，关系代词在从句中作sister的定语，故填whose。

（2）whose。空前的 a little girl为先行词，关系代词在从句中作mother的定语，故填whose。

（3）whose。the World Food Programme 为 先 行 词，关系代词在从句中作purposes的定语，故填whose。

【考点透析】

关系代词whose的核心用法一览表

6.as的用法

【真题考例】

（1）( 2015 •江苏卷，21 改编）The number of smokers,________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

（2）( 2014 •湖南卷，24 改编）________ John Lennon once said, life is what happens to you while you are busy making other plans.

分析：

（1）as。两个逗号之间是非限制性定语从句，先行词是主句这一句话的内容，故填as。as is reported，意为“据报道”。

（2）As。逗号前是非限制性定语从句，先行词是逗号之后的一句话的内容，而位于句首的定语从句只能使用as引导，故填As。

【考点透析】

关系代词as的核心用法一览表

（二）关系副词

1.when的用法

【真题考例】

（1）( 2016 •全 国 卷 I，65）But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

（2）( 2015 •陕 西 卷，15 改 编）As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.

分析：

（1）when。逗号之后为非限制性定语从句，先行词指时间，且关系副词在从句中作时间状语，故填when。

（2）when。先行词time指时间，关系副词在从句中作时间状语，故填when。

【考点透析】

关系副词when的核心用法一览表

2.where的用法

【真题考例】

（1）( 2018 •江苏卷，23 改编）Self-driving is an area________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.

（2）( 2017 •6 月浙江卷，64）Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ________ it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长 ) through it.

分析：

（1）where。area为定语从句的先行词，先行词指地点且关系副词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。

（2）where。空前的garden是先行词，先行词指地点，且关系副词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。

【考点透析】

关系副词where的核心用法一览表

3.why的用法

【真题考例】

（1）( 2016 •天 津卷，阅读理解 D 改 编）One day,mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons ________this problem could not be solved.

（2）( 2016 •北 京 卷， 七 选 五 改 编）The reason________ any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans.

分析：

（1）why。空前的reasons是先行词，先行词指原因，且空格处关系副词在从句中作原因状语，故填why。

（2）why。先行词为reason指原因，且关系副词在从句中作原因状语，故填why。

【考点透析】

关系副词why的核心用法一览表

三、误区警示

1.不可误认为定语从句之前的词一定就是先行词，因为先行词与定语从句之间有时会被状语、插入语等隔开，从而构成了分隔式定语从句。例如：

【真题考例】

（2014 •北 京 卷，26 改 编）I borrowed the bookSherlock Holmesfrom the library last week，________ my classmates recommended to me.

分析：

which。先行词并不是空前的last week，而是book指物，且关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，故填which。

2.当先行词指时间、地点或原因时，不可误认为一定使用关系副词作为引导词，关键是确定好先行词在从句中所作的具体成分。例如，当先行词指地点，但关系词在从句中作宾语时，应用关系代词引导定语从句。

【真题考例】

（2015 •全国卷 I，64）I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.

分析：

that/which。先行词Li River虽然指地点，但是关系词在限制性定语从句中作主语，故用that/which作为引导词。

3.当关系词之前有介词时，不可误认为关系词只能使用whom或which，关键是要确定关系词在从句中的具体作用。

【真题考例】

I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ________ help I would never have got this far.

分析：

whose。关系词之前虽然有介词without，但是关系词在从句中作名词help的定语，故填whose。