语法填空中无提示词题的解题点拨

2018-12-18 02:50四川
教学考试(高考英语) 2018年6期
关键词:连词代词介词

四川

高考语法填空题型分为有提示词和无提示词两种。笔者经过多年的教学实践总结发现,无提示词的设空处,通常需要补充连词、介词、冠词、代词、助动词等,近4年来的全国卷和浙江卷基本上是每年考查3道题。下面笔者结合高考试题对语法填空中无提示词题的解题进行点拨。

2015—2018年全国卷、浙江卷语法填空题中有提示词题和无提示词题统计表

一、连词

若两个分句之间没有分号、破折号或句号,则应考虑填并列连词或者从属连词。由上表可知,连词是近4年全国卷和浙江卷考查的热点。

1.考查并列连词的选用

若两个或几个单词、短语或分句之间没有连词,可能是填and, but, or, when等连词或者是考查both...and...,either...or..., neither...nor..., not...but..., not only...but also..., as well as等词组。

【考例1】In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl”cultures of China, Japan, Korea, ______ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.(2016年全国卷Ⅲ,61)

【答案与解析】and。根据语境可知,应填连词and表示四个国家的并列。

2.考查从属连词的选用

(1)考查名词性从句中的连接代词(which, what,who, whom, whose)、连接副词(when, where, how, why)和连接词(that, if, whether)的选用。

【考例1】As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ________ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015年全国卷Ⅱ,70)

【答案与解析】how。连接副词how引导宾语从句且在句中作状语,修饰形容词thick,表示程度。

【考例 2】I’m not sure ______ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere.(2018年全国卷Ⅲ,61)

【答案与解析】who。连接代词who引导宾语从句且在句中作主语,表示“谁”。

(2)考查状语从句中的从属连词(when, before, if,as, because, since, than, though等)的选用。

【考例1】Over time, _____ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.(2016年全国卷Ⅲ,65)

【答案与解析】as/when。此处填as“随着”,从句作伴随状语,或填when“当……时候”,引导时间状语从句。

【考例 2】While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life____ walking, cycling or swimming.(2018年全国卷Ⅰ,65)

【答案与解析】than。由前文的more effective可知,本句是将跑步与其他运动方式作对比,应填than引出比较对象。

(3)考查定语从句中的关系代词(who, which, that,whose, as)和关系副词(when, where, why)的选用。

【考例1】But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ______ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016年全国卷Ⅰ,65)

【答案与解析】when。先行词my days指时间,且定语从句不缺少主干成分,而缺少状语,应填关系副词when。

【考例2】Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ______ it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长)through it.(2017年浙江卷,64)

【答案与解析】where。先行词the garden指地点,且定语从句不缺少主干成分,而缺少状语,应填关系副词where。

【考例 3】Like many things in life, it’s an ongoing process,and the best part of the process is that there’s enough room for improvement, ______ means you’ll just keep getting better and better.(2017年11月浙江卷,57)

【答案与解析】which。关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面一整句话,且在从句中作主语,应填关系代词which。

【考例4】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _____ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018年全国卷Ⅰ,66)

【答案与解析】that/which。先行词a study指物,且定语从句中缺少主语,应填关系代词that/which。

【考例5】Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018年浙江卷,57)

【答案与解析】who/that。先行词many westerners指人,且定语从句中缺少主语,应填关系代词who/that。

二、介词

当空格后面的名词、动名词或代词,不充当主语、表语,也不充当动词的宾语时,空格处应该填介词。尤其要注意含有介词的固定搭配或习惯用法。由前面表格可知,介词是近4年全国卷和浙江卷考查的重点。

1.考查介词的基本用法

【考例1】This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) ______ a method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side effects.(2017年全国卷Ⅰ,61)

【答案与解析】as。根据语境“作为一种抵御心脏病的方式”可知, 应填as表示“作为”。

【考例2】After school she plans to take a year off to model full- time before going to university to get a degree _____engineering or architecture.(2017年全国卷Ⅲ,68)

【答案与解析】in。根据语境“在工程或建筑方面获得学位”可知, 应填in表示“在某方面”。

【考例3】If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home ______dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.(2018年浙江卷,65)

【答案与解析】for。根据语境“去你妈妈家吃饭”可知, 应填for表示目的。

2.考查介词的固定搭配或习惯用法

【考例1】But my connection with pandas goes back ______my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016年全国卷Ⅰ,64)

【答案与解析】to。go back to意为“追溯到……”,是固定搭配。

【考例2】I was searching __________ these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ,67)

【答案与解析】for。search for意为“搜寻”,是固定搭配。

三、冠词

可数名词单数前面,若没有限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词等),且表示泛指,意为“一个,又一个” 时,用不定冠词a/an ;如果该名词表示特指,意为“这个,那个”或者表示最高级或顺序时,就用定冠词the。同时,也要注意含有冠词的固定搭配或习惯用法。由前面表格可知,冠词是近4年全国卷和浙江卷的常考点。

1.考查冠词的基本用法

【考例1】Instead, she is earning £6 500 a day as ______model in New York.(2017年全国卷Ⅲ,62)

【答案与解析】a。model意为“模特”,是可数名词单数,用不定冠词a表示泛指某一职业。

【考例 2】Like many things in life, it’s ______ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there’s enough room for improvement, which means you’ll just keep getting better and better.(2017年11月浙江卷,56)

【答案与解析】an。单词ongoing的发音是以元音音素开头,再根据语境“和生活中许多事情一样,积累词汇也是一个不断发展的过程”可知,用不定冠词an表示泛指。

【考例3】Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.(2018年全国卷Ⅱ,62)

【答案与解析】the。用定冠词the表示特指,意为“在过去的25年里”。

2.考查冠词的固定搭配或习惯用法

【考例1】As ____________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ,65)

【答案与解析】a。 as a result意为“结果”,是固定搭配。

【考例 2】Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at _________ top of her lungs.(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ,62)

【答案与解析】the。at the top of one’s lungs意为“大声叫喊”,是习惯用法。

四、代词

主要考查it以及人称代词、不定代词等的选用。代词是该题型的易错点,近4年全国卷和浙江卷共考查了3题。考生在备考时要特别留意人称代词和不定代词。

【考例1】However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25 000 people were using ______ every day.(2017年全国卷Ⅱ,67)

【答案与解析】it。代词it指代前文的the railway。

【考例2】Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap______ can be to eat out.(2018年浙江卷,58)

【答案与解析】it。在宾语从句中,it用作形式主语,替代真正的动词不定式主语to eat out。

五、根据常识和上下文语境来判断空格处所填的词

该考法的出题几率较小,近4年全国卷和浙江卷共考查了2题。

【考例 1】A few hours ______ , I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with its choking smog.(2015年全国卷Ⅰ,62)

【答案与解析】before/earlier。“时间段+副词before/earlier”常与过去完成时态连用。

【考例2】Pahlsson screamed ______ loudly that her daughter came running from the house.(2017年浙江卷,58)

【答案与解析】so。考查结果状语从句句型so...that...,意为“如此……以至于……”。

六、助动词

若空格后的谓语动词是原形,特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时,则很可能是填情态动词或表示疑问的助动词(do, does, did等)。考查助动词的几率也不大,近4年全国卷和浙江卷都未考查,但考生在备考中仍要留意。

【考例1】Not until I returned ________ I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.

【答案与解析】did。“not until...”位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装,且主从句时态保持一致,应填did。

【考例2】Remember, however, that you should usually consult different types of sources.That is, you ______ always rely just on the Internet for your research.

【答案与解析】shouldn’t。根据语境“you should usually consult different types of sources”可知,空格处应填情态动词shouldn’t,表示“不应该”。

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