代词在全国卷语法填空和短文改错中的考法

闫跃

近五年全国卷均涉及人称代词、物主代词和反身代词，现按题型对有关考点作一归纳。

一、代词在语法填空中的考查

语法填空中，如果答案为人称代词主格或与主格同形的宾格（有且仅有两个：you和it），不给提示词;如果答案为物主代词、反身代词或代词宾格（不含you和it），则会给出代词主格作为提示词。并且，有提示词時，不会涉及数量和性别的变化，即不会出现改I为we/us、改she为he/him之类的考法。

1. 无提示词

（2017年全国Ⅱ卷）However， the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months， more than 25，000 people were using ______ every day.

解析：这里提到当时每天有超过25，000人使用这条铁路。此处填写it，回指前文中出现的名词the railway。

（2018年全国Ⅰ卷）Running is cheap， easy and its always energetic. If you are time poor， you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports， so perhaps we should all give ______ a try.

解析：因give it a try为固定表达方式或it替代running。

2. 有提示词

（2014年全国Ⅱ卷）Then the driver stood up and asked， “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？”A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh， dear！Its ______（I）”.

解析：前面提到司机询问是否有人弄丢了手提箱，空格所在句是对此的回答。如果把It的指代对象看成那个遗失的箱子（The suitcase），此处需填名词性物主代词mine（= my suitcase）;如果把It视为丢失手提箱的那个人（The person who lost the suitcase），此处则填人称代词宾格me。

（2018年全国Ⅲ卷）When the gorillas and I frightened each other， I was just glad to find _______（they）alive.

解析：根据句子结构可知，空格所填词是动词find的宾语。鉴于find的逻辑主语I与find的宾语（the gorillas）并非同一概念，所以排除反身代词themselves。因此，只能填宾格形式的them。

（2015年全国Ⅰ卷）A few hours before， Id been at home in Hong Kong， with _____（it）choking smog. Here， the air was clean and fresh， even with the rain.

解析：提示词it的指代对象为Hong Kong，根据空格后的名词短语choking smog可知，此处应填限定词，故用形容词性物主代词its。

类似考题还有：

（2016年全国Ⅰ卷）On my recent visit， I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by   its （it）mother.

二、代词在短文改错中的考查

短文改错中，代词属于常设考点。设题方式主要有以下方面：

1. 代词缺失或多余

（2016年全国Ⅲ卷）Now I am leaving home for college. At last， I will be on my own， but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.

解析：时间状语从句有连词whenever和谓语need，但唯独没有主语。并且，根据句意，从句的主语与主语的主语所指相同，故需在whenever和need之间加上人称代词I。

（2017年全国Ⅰ卷）In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday， I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was.

解析：这里提到的是我学车的经历，我依然记得第一天有多么艰难。因此，本句中的first之前需添加形容词性物主代词my或定冠词the。

（2015年全国Ⅱ卷）After looking at the toy for some time， he turned around and found that his parents were missing. Tony was scared and began to cry... Five minutes later， Tony saw parents.

解析：可数名词复数之前如果不用任何限定词，表示泛指概念。本句中提到Tony看到了父母，结合前文可知，Tony看到的是他本人的父母。所以parents之前需加上形容词性物主代词his。

（2019年全国Ⅰ卷）From then on， I started to play my football with classmates after school.

解析：英语中，表示进行某种球类运动时，球类名词之前不用限定词（比如冠词或物主代词），因此，本句需要删去物主代词my。

2. 代词指代有误

（2019年全国Ⅲ卷）In the cafe， customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment that is created for them.

解析：動词enjoy的主语和宾语所指对象一致，所以宾语要用反身代词，但主语customers是第三人称复数，所以此处的反身代词应用themselves。

（2016年全国Ⅰ卷）My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to where I live... My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead， he hopes that our business will grow steadily.

解析：上文已经提到餐馆是属于我叔叔的，所以只能是他希望“他的”（而不是“我们的”）生意稳步发展。因此，代词our指代对象错误，名词business前面的限定词应改为his。

类似考题还有：

（2016年全国Ⅱ卷）If we go on a trip abroad， we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.（your→our）

（2015年全国Ⅰ卷）We must find ways to find protect your environment. If we fail to do so， well live to regret it.（your→our/the）

（2017年全国Ⅲ卷）About one month after this photo was taken， I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club... This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.（your→my）

需注意的是，代词指代错误，除了涉及物主代词，还可能涉及其他类型的代词。并且，错误的方面可能还会涉及数量或性别。例如：

（2018年全国Ⅱ卷）As a kid， I loved to watch cartoons， but no matter how many times I asked to watch them， my parents would not let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.（us→me）

3. 句法结构错误

（2017年全国Ⅲ卷）Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time： car magazines and musical instruments.

解析：人称代词they不能引导定语从句，因为指代things，又是引导非限制定语从句，关系词用作主语，所以需把they改为关系代词that或which。

（2018年全国Ⅲ卷）I had done myself homework， but I was shy. I was afraid to speak in front of a large group of people.

解析：这里需要表达的意思为“我已经做完了家庭作业”，但反身代词并不能用作限定词修饰名词性成分。所以需改为形容词性物主代词my或者定冠词the。

（2014年全国Ⅱ卷）My dream school starts at 8 ∶ 30 a.m. and ends at 3 ∶ 30 p.m. They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.

解析：这里说的是我梦想中的学校是个什么样子，上午和下午各“有”几节课，所以应该使用存在句“There be...”。并且，这里的人称代词they属于第三人称，但在上文中却找不到指代对象，据此也可判断they的使用有误，应将They改为There。

类似考题还有：

（2019年全国II卷）When I studied chemistry in high school， I reconsidered my goal and decided to be a doctor. They were two reasons for the decision.（They→There）

责任编辑 蒋小青