基于高中英语阅读教学的语篇标记语教学

韦桂媛

[摘   要]近三年来的高考更侧重考查考生对语篇的理解，靠理解问题意思阅读文章时抓住一两句话就可以解答的题目，几乎不再出现。这就要求教师在课堂教学的主阵地中，引领学生关注语篇本身，而不是管中窥豹。站在语篇整体的高度去理解和体会作者的情感态度，是阅读教学的重中之重。

[关键词]高中英语;阅读教学;语篇标记

[中图分类号]    G633.41        [文献标识码]    A        [文章编号]    1674-6058（2019）24-0032-02

课堂教学是阅读教学的主战场，语篇标记语立足于课堂，以下是笔者在从事高中英语教学中的一些心得。

一、高考不同阅读题目中的标记语示例

1.主旨大意题的题目标记语

（1） The best title headline for this passage is...

（2） The passage （or the first paragraph） is mainly about...

2.细节理解题的题目标记语

（1）Which of the following is NOT included / mentioned in the passage？

（2）Which of the following （sentences / statements） is NOT true？

3.推理判斷题的题目标记语

（1） We can know from the passage that...

（2） We can infer from the （first/ last） passage that...

4.作者意图（态度）题的题目标记语

（1） The author seems to be in favor of / against...

（2） The authors purpose of writing this passage is...

5.猜测词义的题目标记语

（1） The word “...” in the passage means...

（2） The word “...” could be best replaced by...

二、不同的文章题材涵盖了不同的标记语

1.记叙文

For years I made the nine-hour trip from home to my parentshouse in Boise. Like people， I used the shortest and easiest route possible. I drove fast and stopped only when I had to. We ate at fast food restaurants， stuck to the freeways and counted the hours and miles Road trips made us wish that we were anywhere but here. We arrived tired and angry.

But then Banner， a sheep， was born and rejected by his mama only days before a trip to Boise. Thats why I found myself on the road with four kids and a baby lamb. We took the back roads to Boise out of I had to stop every hour and let Banner stretch out his legs. The kids ran after him， and then one another before climbing back into the car.

While the world was racing by， we were not. We stopped to eat in local cafes because fast food restaurants are rare on the back roads. Instead of driving to Boise in one day， like we always did， we stayed in a small hotel， which led to a long walk to look for a place to eat. Finally， we discover a restaurant which served delicious ham rolls. We explored side roads and looked out of our car windows at the changing scenes of countryside. Clothes were hung on the line; baby pigs followed their mother.

We eventually arrived at my parents doorstep refreshed and full of stories. Road trips changed forever after that Journey. It opened our eyes to a whole new world. For us，a good road trip is one long detour after another. Because of a tiny black lamb， weve realized that detours often show the best part of a journey  and the best part of yourself.

以此篇記叙文为例，记叙文的语篇标记语就是文中画线的一连串的动词及短语，表示动作和事情的进展。表示事情先后顺序的For years， While， Finally等也是此文标记语。

2.说明文

As a composer， Andrew Pekler aims to make music that uses synthetic sounds to build real-seeming places. With electronic instruments， he creates the sound of wind， waves， bird calls and insects. “The sweet spot for me is when a piece I have made can be heard as both a field recording and as a completely composed， synthetic construct，” he says.

In his new work， an online APP called Phantom Islands， he tries out that idea to create a tour of islands that mapmakers once believed were real， but do not actually exist. Working with the web designer and developer Flavio Gortana， Pekler drew a map of imagined islands and filled each one with a fictional auditory atmosphere.

When European ships were traveling the world during the Age of Exploration， the men on board would come back with tales of the islands theyd come across， previously unknown to their societies. Usually these reports would be accurate enough， but sometimes this system went away. Ship captains would conjure up imaginary islands to lease their funders and sailors would report seeing land that never existed.

Over time， these reports would be corrected， although sometimes it would take centuries. Reports of phantom islands are still being exposed in this century. Theyre strange relics of a human attempt to better understand the world， with all the weaknesses that came along with that project ...

因为说明文中可能也会提到发明物品或者发现事物的过程，与记叙文相似的是，会出现一系列动词。但是不同的是，这些表示顺序的动词在较少的篇幅中呈现。而与科技相关的一些词也会出现，例如creates the sound of，an online APP called Phantom Islands，these reports would be accurate enough， but sometimes this system went away，came along with that project...

3.应用文

Elmo Loves 123s

Help your child identify and count numbers from 1 to 20 and do simple addition and subtraction. Everyones favorite furry character， Elmo， and Abby Cadabby will guide kids along the way.（ages 5 and under， $4.99; iPad）

Disney Story Central

Bedtime just got a lot less painful， thanks to Disney Story Central. The large selection of e-books star Disney characters， such as Mickey Mouse， the princesses， and Doc McStuffins. Plus， the bookworms will earn awards as progress is made day by day.（2 years+， free for iPad for the first 4 books， with additional purchase packages starting at $4）

GoldieBlox and the Movie Machine

GoldieBlox， the toy company focused on Inspiring girls to become innovators has created GoldieBlox and the Movie Machine. Its first APP for inspiring engineers. Your kid will learn the basics of animation and create her one-second animated GIFS.（6 years+， free iPhone， iPad）

Habitat the Game

Players adopt a virtual polar bear and must complete real-world actions， such as turning lights off and conserving water， to keep the creature healthy. Little ones will take pride in making an actual difference in the world with these exciting games. （4 years， free iPhone， iPad， Android）

应用文的特点就是大部分会充分利用标题标注主要内容，文章的语言庄重、简洁、严密。比如文中提到的四个小标题，结合省略的内容“孩子的教育不必在放学后就停止。这些游戏是为你的iPhone， iPad，安卓系统开发的，可以让你的孩子在课堂之外保持活跃的思维”得知，Elmo Loves 123s， Disney Story Central，GoldieBlox and the Movie Machine，Habitat the Game是四个小游戏的名称。

4.议论文

...

Experts warn that the decline In swimming ability is creating a generation of Queensland kids who cant swim to save themselves， and they have called for Immediate action to prevent a rise in drownings and sea rescues. Our campaign is calling for compulsory， certified swim and water safety lessons in Queensland primary schools. Students would have to meet a set benchmark Australian Water Safety Council convenor Justin Scarr said more action was urgently needed to prevent child drownings and incidents. He said most states had carried out school-based programs. “The assumption is Queenslanders can swim before they walk because it is such an ideal environment for swimming... the water is part of everyday life for many people in the state.”

Mr Scarr said the reality was far different and Increasing number of children did not have the ability to survive in the water. Surf Life Saving Queensland chief George Hill said volunteers and lifeguards were alarmed by the growing number of young people getting into trouble in the ocean.

Education Queensland said swimming and water safety lessons were encouraged but not compulsory.

Mr Scarr said many parents used to send kids aged up to four or five to lessons， but then that stopped as the family focus often turned to other sports. As a result， we are seeing children losing the chance to develop the swimming ability.

He said the targeting of children during primary years was “absolutely critical”， as they needed to learn the vital skills before their teenage years.

议论文会就某些观点和现象进行议论，以此议论文画线部分为例，它与记叙文相似的是，会引用别人的话，但不同的是这些都是观点类的话，会带有主观的观点词。

三、阅读理解标记语的课堂教学模式

第一，先有量的积累，再做质的归纳。练习的初级阶段，让学生每种文体写36篇左右的文章。课上练习3篇，课后练习3篇，每天写6篇，大概用一周时间完成。

第二，在第二轮高三复习课中，呈现不同的体裁，让学生找出规律。教师事先给出规律，不如学生自己找规律来得深刻。所以初级阶段中写36篇文章的重点就是要学生自己找出规律。

第三，教师对规律进行点评和提炼。对学生给出的规律，教师进行及时的点评，课后再把学生与教师共同得出的规律印制成册，可以当作很好的阅读辅助材料。

第四，把2018年的高考英语阅读题呈现给学生，让学生通过练习后，看是否能把相应体裁的文章用一些常用的标记语来确认文体。

总之，本文主要阐述了语篇标记语在英语阅读中帮助学生把握文章脉络结构， 有效推导题目含义，有效定位文章体裁，以加快阅读速度等的重要作用。但是， 這只是阅读理解教学的一个方面。因此， 学习语篇标记语是提高阅读水平的一种途径， 教师还应该寻求其他多种教学方法来提高学生的阅读能力。

[  参    考    文    献  ]

[1]  唐善生. 指示性与话语性——话语指示的本质特征[J]. 修辞学习，2004（6）：20-25.

[2]  索振羽编著.语用学教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社， 2000.

（责任编辑    斯   陌）