变化的城市景观、不变的危机与中东新兴建筑实践

科万茨·科林茨，卡拉·阿拉莫尼/Kıvanç Kılınç, Carla Aramouny

庞凌波 译/Translated by PANG Lingbo

本期专辑从两个不同而又相互依存的视角概述了从大到小尺度的中东地区当代建筑与城市生活，不仅介绍了杰出建筑项目和城市发展的主要趋势，还展现了在应对全球挑战中新兴的地方实践。

与世界其他地区相仿，新自由主义城市政策在塑造中东当代城市景观方面发挥了重要作用1）[1-2]。在过去的40 年中，公共服务私有化、经济适用房项目预算缩减、士绅化以及消费主义意识形态的兴起占主导地位[3]。由于这个地区的政治冲突、战争以及人民的流离失所，我们目睹了难民营和非法聚居地的扩大，以及这些区域基础设施、清洁水源与卫生设施的不足[4]。同时，标志性高层建筑、滨海旅游投资建设、博物馆建筑、豪华别墅区和购物中心已成为中东城市的典型景观[5]。文化遗产地、滨水区域和公共空间始终承受着巨大的压力，时而还会致使城市中心的宝贵土地为盈利项目腾退、让步[6-8]。尽管如迪拜岛等大尺度景观项目创造了新旅游目的地[9]，但总体而言，中东城市已跃升为具备全球竞争力的区域中心，以吸引国际资本和投资[10]。正如谢布内姆·于杰尔在她的文章 《缪斯女神的圣殿：论艺术博物馆和中东地区》中令人信服地论述的那样，地标式艺术博物馆建筑在塑造文化、城市品牌的雄心勃勃的努力方面起到了重要作用。穆罕默德·加里普尔的文章《重思当代中东的城市景观》为本刊提供了同样引人入胜的分析，探讨了今天和不久的将来中东地区的规划师和建筑师所面临的挑战。对生态驱动下的、可持续的、注重地方建筑实践的城市和景观项目与日俱增的敏感度，预示了这一前景中可能发生的转变。

好的方面在于，过去20 年同样见证了自下而上的建筑与城市设计运动的崛起，这些运动是对世界各地新自由主义经济政策的回应和突破。与大规模的城市规划干预相比，新兴实践更热衷于作为空间催化剂，在建筑和社区层面“修复”城市的损伤[11-12]。此外，年轻一代的建筑师和设计专业学生对那些会对地区和整个地球产生负面影响的问题更加敏感，例如环境危机和全球气候变化。这一点在中东也绝无例外。从人道主义建筑实践到设计激进主义，青年专家和新锐事务所正在应对我们的城市每天都在面临的挑战。卡拉·阿拉莫尼在她的文章《环境、激进主义与设计：黎巴嫩的新兴实践》中雄辩地论述了作为一种基本机制，设计师为应对迫在眉睫的环境与人道主义危机朝激进主义的必要转向。她总结了黎巴嫩重要的新兴实践，无论这些项目是否有确切的本土或所在地区的委托人，都反映了全球共有的问题；他们批判性的设计方法源于当地环境和场所感。事实上，正如加扎尔·阿巴斯-阿巴格在她那篇引起强烈反响的文章《建筑边缘的实践》中总结的那样，通过对建筑学的批判性反思，新一代设计师实际上正在重新定义实践本身——正所谓在远离建筑学的同时更加接近建筑学。

在本期专辑中，项目的选择除了反映上述积极的转变，还强调了基于环境和生态敏感对建筑、景观以及城市干预的理解。一部分项目，如摩洛哥的阿尤恩技术学院、约旦的皇家自然保护学院、土耳其的桑贾克拉尔清真寺，揭示了通过当地材料的运用和精细的形式策略来融入环境的设计方法。另一部分选例，如土耳其的博斯坦利人行桥与日落休息台、阿联酋的瓦西特自然保护区游客中心，展现了一种结合自然地形、基础设施和使用功能的细腻的混合设计方法。

黎巴嫩的尼迈耶旅馆改造项目、德黑兰的埃尔克哈尼住宅楼，以及摩洛哥的瓦卢比利斯博物馆同样反映了利用空间体验、建筑细部和当地工艺，将建筑与他们的环境置于创造性的对话中的绝妙之处。除了这些体现设计对场所的敏感性的项目之外，其他获选项目，如黎巴嫩的美国社区学校教学及职工宿舍楼和拱顶住宅，还有科威特的希沙姆·A·阿尔萨格心脏康复中心，则更进一步地将地方性设计置于本土与全球话语之间的交汇点上。

借此，本期专辑试图阐明中东地区在建筑与城市学领域的多种观点。通过选例与文章，我们尝试反思了这一不断变化的学科领域，特别介绍了建筑与城市设计方面涌现的新方法——这些方法注重本土与生态的敏感性，同时与更宏观的学科保持联系，并为其作为全球话语的转变作出贡献。□

致谢：在此感谢为本期专辑撰稿的诸位同仁，感谢他们贡献了精彩的文章和宝贵的评论，同样感谢受邀刊登作品的建筑事务所，是他们使得本期专辑成为可能。

This special issue offers an overview of contemporary architecture and urbanism in the Middle East from two different yet interdependent angles, moving from the larger to the smaller scale.One deals with prominent architectural projects and dominant trends in urban development and the other with emerging local practices responding to global challenges.

Similar to many other regions around the world, neoliberal urban policies played a major role in shaping the contemporary cityscapes in the Middle East.1）[1-2]The last four decades have been characterised by the privatisation of public services, cuts in the subsidisation of affordable housing programmes, gentrification, and the rise of consumerist ideologies[3].Because of political conflict, wars and displacement in the region, we have witnessed the expansion of refugee camps and informal settlements with insufficient access to infrastructure, clean water and sanitation[4].In the meantime, signature high-rise buildings, coastal tourism investments, museum buildings, fenced-offluxury neighbourhoods, and shopping malls have become a typical sight for Middle Eastern cities[5].Cultural heritage sites, waterfronts and public spaces have been under immense pressure, which at times resulted in the evacuation of valuable areas in city centres to make room for profit generating projects[6-8].While large-scale landscape projects such as the Dubai Islands created new tourism destinations[9], cities in general have been promoted as globally competitive regional centres to attract international capital and investment[10].As Şebnem Yücel compellingly argues in her essay, "Temples of the Muses: Art Museums and the Middle East",landmark art museum buildings play a significant part in such ambitious cultural, city branding endeavours.Mohammad Gharipour's essay,"Rethinking Urban Landscapes in Contemporary Middle Eastern Cities", contributes to this issue with an equally compelling analysis, deliberating the challenges that face planners and architects in the Middle East today and in the immediate future.Growing sensitivity to ecologically driven,sustainable urban and landscape projects that value vernacular building practices indicate a possible shift in this otherwise bleak picture.

On the brighter side, the last two decades have also witnessed the emergence of bottomup movements in architecture and urban design,formed in response to and through the cracks of neoliberal economic policies in diverse geographies of the world.Emergent practices have been more interested in "healing" the city's broken parts in the architectural and neighbourhood level, as spatial catalysts, than large-scale urban planning interventions[11-12].Moreover, the younger generations of architects and design students are more sensitive to the issues that negatively affect the region and the planet at large, such as the environmental crises and global climate change.And the Middle East is by no means an exception.From humanitarian architectural practices to activism through design, young professionals and new offices are addressing the challenges that our cities experience on a daily basis.Carla Aramouny eloquently discusses in her essay "Environment,Activism, and Design: Emerging Practices in Lebanon", the necessary shift for designers towards activism as a fundamental agency to address dire environmental and humanitarian problems.She reflects on key emergent practices in Lebanon,which, regardless of having a local or regional clientele, are suggestive of a global condition;their critical approach to design is informed by the local environment and sense of place.Indeed,as Ghazal Abbasy-Asbagh concludes in her powerfully evocative essay, "Practice at the Margins of Architecture", by critically reflecting on the architectural discipline, a new wave of designers is in fact redefining the practice itself - moving simultaneously away from and closer to architecture.

Throughout this issue, the selection of projects reflects on the abovementioned positive shifts,and highlights an understanding of architecture,landscape, as well as urban interventions that are contextually grounded and ecologically sensitive.Some projects such as the Technology School of Laayoune in Morocco, the Royal Academy for Nature Conservation in Jordan and the Sancaklar Mosque in Turkey, reveal design approaches that assimilate their environment through local material application and subtle formal methods.Other selected projects,such as the Bostanlı Footbridge & Sunset Lounge in Turkey and the Wasit Nature Reserve Visitor Centre in the UAE, display a sensitive and hybrid approach integrating natural topography, infrastructure, and user programmes.

The Niemeyer Guest House Renovation in Lebanon, the Eilkhaneh Residential Building in Tehran, and the Volubilis Museum in Morocco equally reflect a subtlety in putting buildings and their context in a creative dialogue while capitalising on spatial experiences, architecture details, and local know-how.In addition to projects that reflect on a place driven sensitivity to design, others included in this selection, such as the American Community School Faculty Building and the House of Many Vaults in Lebanon, and the Hisham A.Alsager Cardiac Centre, Kuwait, further position design from the region at an intersection between the local and the global.

This issue thus attempts to shed light on different Middle Eastern perspectives in the architectural and urban spheres.Through the selected work and contributed essays, we seek to reflect on a changing field, and feature emergent approaches to architecture and urban design that focus on local and ecological sensitivities while remaining connected to the larger discipline and contributing to its transformation as a global discourse.□

Acknowledgement: We would like to thank colleagues who have contributed to this issue with their brilliant essays and much valuable comments, as well as the offices who shared their work for publication.

注释/Note

1）本前言参考了作者科万茨·科林茨之前发表的文章内容，详见参考文献[1]和[2]。/In parts of this editorial preface, Kıvanç Kılınç's earlier work was borrowed.Please see Reference [1] and [2].

参考文献/References

[1] KILINÇ K, GHARIPOUR M.(ed.).Social Housing in the Middle East: Architecture, Urban Development,and Transnational Modernity[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press, 2019: 1-34.

[2] KILINÇ K, KAÇAR D.In Pursuit of a European City:Competing Landscapes of Eskişehir's Riverfront[M]//GHARIPOUR M.Contemporary Urban Landscapes of the Middle East.London, New York: Routledge, 2016:45-66.

[3] KEIL R.Third Way Urbanism: Opportunity or Dead End?[J].Alternatives 25, 2000 (2):247-267.

[4] RADFORD T.Refugee Camps Are the 'Cities of Tomorrow,' Says Humanitarian-Aid Expert[J/OL].dezeen magazine.(2015-11-23).https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/23/refugee-camps-cities-of-tomorrowkillian-kleinschmidt-interview-humanitarian-aid-expert/

[5] KHAN H-U.A New Paradigm: Global Urbanism and Architecture of Rapidly Developing Countries[J].International Journal of Islamic Architecture 3.1 (March 2014): 5-34.

[6] ABU-HAMDI E.The Jordan Gate Towers of Amman:Surrendering Public Space to Build a Neoliberal Ruin[J].International Journal of Islamic Architecture 5.1 (March 2016): 73-101.

[7] HATICE K.(ed.).İstanbul'da Kentsel Ayrışma,Mekansal Dönüşümde Farklı Boyutlar [Urban Disintegration in Istanbul: Different Dimensions of Spatial Transformation][M].Istanbul: Bağlam, 2005.

[8] BORA T.(ed.).Milyonluk Manzara: Kentsel Dönüşümün Resimleri [A View Worthy of a Million Dollars: Images of Urban Transformation][M].Istanbul: Iletisim, 2013.

[9] KHAN H-U.Identity, Globalization and the Contemporary Islamic City[J].International Journal of Islamic Architecture 1.2 (August 2012): 197-216.

[10] KEYDER Ç (ed.).Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local[M].Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.

[11] TÜRELI I.'Small' Architectures, Walking and Camping in Middle Eastern Cities[J].International Journal of Islamic Architecture 2:1 (2013): 5-38.

[12] AWAN N, SCHNEIDER T, TILL J.Spatial Agency:Other Ways of Doing Architecture[M].London and New York: Routledge, 2011.