巧用定语从句，丰富书面表达

四川绵阳中学 付 利

一篇优质的书面表达，需要长短句结合。 定语从句因为易掌握、好运用而成了提高书面表达的必备神器。 定语从句的使用可以丰富句子的内容，表现作者的句子驾驭能力。 希望本次专项讲解和练习能帮助同学们在书面表达中正确地运用定语从句。

Step 1 句法唤醒

一、定语从句的概念

定语从句是修饰一个名词、代词或者整个句子的从句，它的作用相当于形容词，所以又叫作形容词性从句。 被修饰的名词或者代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。 关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语、定语，关系副词在从句中常作状语。

二、在高考书面表达真题范文中认识定语从句

1.(2019·全国乙卷) 我叫李华，来自中国，是一名这个暑假在伦敦学习的中学生。

I'm Li Hua from China and I'm a middle school studentwho studies in London during thesummer vacation.

2.(2018·全国丙卷) 我收到你的来信，信里你让我介绍一下我们学校的体育锻炼情况。

I have received your letterin which you asked me to introduce the physical exercise in our school.

3.(2018·全国丙卷) 首先，一座新的体育馆已经拔地而起，它成了我们学校的新地标。

To begin with, a new stadium has been built,which has become the new landmark of our school.

4.(2018·全国丙卷) 在所有的运动中，我最喜欢篮球，我认为打篮球会给我力量来应对生活中的挑战。

Of all the games, I like basketball most,which I think can give me strength to deal with the challenges in my life.

5.(2018·北京卷) 为了帮助他们更好地理解品茶文化，我带他们参观了我们学校的茶室，在那里，我介绍了制茶的历史，以及各种各样的茶叶。

In order to help them better understand our tea-drinking culture, I showed them around the tea room in our school,where I introduced the history of tea-making and different kinds of tea.

6.(2018·天津卷) 按照计划，比赛将于七月底在天津大学举行。

As is planned, the completion will be held in late July in Tianjin University.

7.(2017·全国丙卷) 首先，我将介绍学校乒乓球队给新队员安排的常规活动。

First of all, I'd like to introduce the regular activitiesthat the school table tennis team arranges for new players.

8.（2017·浙江卷) 我们将吃一顿大餐, 我们自己亲手做的饺子会被端上餐桌。

We'll have a big dinnerwhere dumplings made by ourselves will be served.

Step 2 句法提点

一、连接先行词和定语从句的关系代词有：

关系代词 意义和语法功能 例句which 代替物、整个句子,在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语1.(2017·北京卷) The little problem which/that we meet in our lives may be inspiration for great inventions.2.(2015·福建卷) China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people over the world want to learn about China.that 代替物、人,在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语(2014·陕西卷) Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.who 代替人，在从句中常作主语、表语(2016·全国丙卷) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.， influenced the development of chopsticks.whom 代替人，在从句中常作宾语 The author whom you criticized in your review has written a reply.whose 后面跟名词，在从句中常作定语1.(2015·四川卷) The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.2.(2012·天津卷) I wish to thank Professor Smith,without whose help I would never have got this far.as 代替人、物、整个句子，在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语(2015·江苏卷) The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.where 在从句中作地点状语关系副词 意义和语法功能 例句1.（2015·北 京 卷） Opposite is St.Paul's Church,where you can hear some lovely music.2.(2018·江苏卷) Self-driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.when 代替时间名词，在从句中作时间状语(2014·浙江卷) I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade, when I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.why 代替reason， 在从句中作原因状语He explained to us the reason why he donated his property to the homeless in his town.

二、区分地点名词和时间名词后关系词的使用

地点名词和时间名词后可能会出现究竟用关系代词还是副词的问题， 解决方法就是看从句成分，作主干（主、宾、表）就用关系代词，作状语就用关系副词。

三、介词+which、介词+whom

介词的选用大多数是根据从句的动词，有少部分是根据先行词。

1.Last Saturday,I went to seea movie inwhich Tom Hanksplayeda soldier.（play...in a movie）

2.Zoe finally finished her travel plantowhich shehad devoteda lot of time.(devote sth to sth)

3.Rip met a girl on his flight to the USwithwhom hetalkeda lot.(talk with sb)

4.Tina had the most memorablesummer vacation during whichshe made many new friends along her solo travel.(during the summer vacation)

四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

区别点从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系 限定，删除后，影响句意 补充说明，删除后不影响句意标点 通常和先行词之间没有逗号 通常用逗号把先行词和从句分开that还是which翻译that和which都可用常翻译成定语只用which常翻译成并列句或状语从句

Step 3 单句过手

根据中文句意，完成下列句子。

1.(2018·江苏卷) 例如，有许多参考书，我经常很困惑，不知道怎么选择。

For example, there are many reference books ________________________.

2.(2018·江苏卷) 众所周知， 大部分排名都是建立在别人对相关产品或者服务的评价基础上的。

________________________, most of the ratings are based on others' judgment on the products or service concerned.

3.(2018·浙江卷) 除此之外，我擅长写作，这可能对工作有帮助。

Besides, I'm good at writing, ________________________.

4.(2017·全国乙卷) 我写信是为了告诉你下节课的内容是关于唐诗的。

I'm writing to inform you of our next class, _______________________.

5.(2013·山东卷) 众所周知，长城是世界上最长的城墙，也是世界七大奇迹之一。 中国有句话说，不到长城非好汉。

As is well known, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world and it is also one of the Seven Wonders of the World.A saying goes in China that he ________doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a real hero.

6.(2017·江苏卷) 正如在柱状图里看到的，票房收入从2012年到2015年急剧增长。________________________in the bar chart, the box-office income had a dramatic increase from 2012 to 2015.

7.(2017·北京卷) 搜集材料花了我们一整个星期，在这期间里，我们采访了老师，拍了学校生活的各个方面。 之后，我们请其中一个擅长制作视频的同学把整个过程做成视频。

Material collecting took us a whole week, ________________________and took pictures of every aspect of our school life.After that, we asked one of the classmates________________________to make the process a video.

8.(2017·浙江卷) 我们将去爬山、野餐、玩游戏，所有这些都会帮助你放松自己。

We'll climb the mountains, have a picnic and play games there, _______________________.

9.(2017·浙江卷) 早上6点钟，我们将从学校门口出发，然后乘车去银岭山，在那里我们早上爬山，中午野餐。

We'll start at 6 o'clock in the morning from the school gate, and then take a bus to Yinling Mountain， _________________________in the morning and then have a picnic at noon.

10.(2017·浙江卷) 传统上讲，这是一个家庭团聚的日子。

Traditionally, it's a time ________________________.

11.(2016·全国甲卷) 任何感兴趣的同学都可以参加。

Any student ________________________is welcome to participate.

12.(2016·江苏卷) 这和普通的选举活动没有什么不同，在活动中，候选人到处寻求支持。

It has something in common with ordinary voting events, ________________________to seek support.

13.(2016·江苏卷) 首先，当被要求做自己不想做的事情时，人们也许会感到很勉强。

First, people may feel forced when asked to do things ________________________.

14.(2016·天津卷) 其中一个精彩场面就是在校运会上，我们在篮球比赛中互相竞争。

One of the highlights was the sports meeting ________________________in the basketball match.

15.(2015·全国甲卷) 重阳节不仅是所有老人被关爱的一天，也是让公众关注老年人问题的日子。

The Double Ninth Festival is not only the day ________________________, but a day__________________________.

16.(2015·重庆卷) 当得知这个由Bookcrossing.com组织的项目时，我感到非常高兴。在这个网站上，参与者可以通过两种方式分享他们的书：自由分享和定向分享。

I'm more than excited when learning about the project organized byBookcrossing.com________________________in two ways: wild release and controlled release.

17.(2013·山东卷) 我一直忙于准备对我来说重要性难以言表的期末考试。

I have been busy preparing for the final exam ________________________.

18.(2013·辽宁卷) 我最喜欢的是我们一起赏一轮圆月的时光。

What I love most is the time ________________________.

19.(2017·全国乙卷) 首先，请看一些关于唐诗的材料。 唐诗在我们的文学中起着极其重要的作用。

At first,please read some materials about poetry of the Tang Dynasty, ________________________.

20.(2017·全国丙卷) 队员每天课后需要接受训练，也会有机会观看乒乓球比赛，这让我受益最大。

Team members need to receive training after school every day and are often offered opportunities to watch table tennis competitions, ________________________.

21.(2017·江苏卷) 在网上，人们能搜寻关于自己喜爱的明星的信息并买打折票，这既省时又经济。

On the Internet, people can seek information about their favorite stars and buy tickets at a discount as well, ________________________.

23.(2017·天津卷) 让我高兴的是，我已入选第十三届全运会志愿者。 第十三届全运会将于八月底在天津举行。

Much to my delight, I have been accepted as one of the volunteers of the 13th National Games,________________________.

Step 4 语篇活用

请用定语从句完成下面范文中的句子。

假定你李华，你想邀请新加坡来的交换生Simon一起去你市举办的美食节“舌尖上的成都”。请你给他写封邮件，内容包括：

1.举办的时间、地点；

2.美食节的活动。

注意：

1.词数100左右；

2.可以适当增添细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Simon,

I'm more than glad to tell you that the Bite of Chengdu, a food festival， is to be held this weekend.It's a yearly big event _________________________(在市民和外国人中享有盛誉).I sincerely invite you to go with me.

________________________(它在人民公园里举行,人们可以选择乘坐不同种类的交通工具去那).It will run from Friday to Saturday,________________________ (在此期间，更多的人可以来享用美食).It's really worth going.It's a place ________________________(你可以品尝各种正宗川菜).Many famous chefs will meet there and cook on the spot so that visitors can buy a small serving.Many traditional snacks will also be sold there.Traditional shows such as Sichuan Opera will also be on show.I'm convinced it's a good chance ________________________(你也不想错过).

Looking forward to your reply.

Sincerely yours,

Li Hua