英文摘要

TheChineseHistoricalGeographyNo.3,2020

ABSTRACTS

AStudyontheTextoftheLuoRiverinNotesontheBookofRiversandReconstructionoftheRiverCoursesandAdministrativeDivisions

LiXiaojie1,YangZhiyu1,

HuangXuechao1,YangXiaoyang2,ZhaoHailong3,YuanFang4(1)

(1. Centre for Historical Geography Studies, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; 2. Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; 3. Department of History, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; 4. Department of History and Culture, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330038, China)

Abstract:NotesontheBookofRivers, one of the masterpieces that focuses on describing rivers and recording geographical elements in ancient China, is crucial for researching ancient rivers and the changes in administrative divisions. Earlier studies on theNotesontheBookofRiversmostly concentrated on the dissemination of its various versions or on the history ofLiXue, i.e. the study on the classics and its author Li Daoyuan. However, an intensive geographical examination on the text of Li’s notesperseis missing. On the basis of previous researches of related scholars, Luo River, described in the 15th volume ofNotesontheBookofRivers, is selected and analyzed in conjunction with historical documents and archaeological sources in this paper. Hopefully this paper will serve as a useful trial for the study on Li’s notes. Methodologically, it applies texts collation, historical sources tracing, reconstruction of the river courses and administrative divisions, etc. A reconstructed map marked with ancient-modern place names is also drawn to demonstrate the results of this study, which will be of convenience to researchers of theNotesontheBookofRivers. The first part of this paper covers the region from the source of the Luo River down to Yiyang County.

Keywords:NotesontheBookofRivers; Luo River; reconstruction of river courses; distribution of settlements and cities

ResearchonOldCoursesofQingxiRiverinJiankangCityDuringtheSixDynasties

WangHong(23)

(NanJing Institute of Archaeology, Nanjing 21334, China)

Abstract: The Qingxi River was a major river in eastern Jiankang city (present day Nanjing) during the Six Dynasties. It was redirected into the moat outside of the city during the Yang-Wu Regime and Southern Tang Dynasty. The old river section located inside the city was gradually silted and eventually abandoned. In recent years, urban archaeology of Nanjing and the spatial analysis of ancient Jiankang city has progressed significantly. It has basically identified the size of the Jiankang Palace. On the basis of that, it is now possible to clarify the distribution area of the Qingxi River. Corroborated with historical records and multiple river remains found during archeological excavations, the course of the old Qingxi River in eastern Jiankang city was reconstructed. This study provides a new example of the reconstruction of water system in Jiankang city and its urban morphology during the Six Dynasties.

Keywords: old Qingxi River; the Six Dynasties; Jiankang City; river course relics

Tuanlianshi-governedandFangyushi-governedPrefecturesinLateTangDynastyBasedontheListofDaointheFifthYearofHuichang

QuKale1,2(33)

(1. Department of History, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China)

Abstract： In Late Tang, Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed prefectures were prefectures where the civil governor of the prefecture was also the military governor, such as Fangyushi and Tuanlianshi. The administrative levels of Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed prefectures could be divided into two categories: High-level administrative division and ordinary prefecture. The size of troops in Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed prefectures was generally in thousands, and a few could reach tens of thousands, which was much more than that of ordinary prefectures. The army in Fangyushi-governed prefectures was mainly composed of regular troops, while the army in Tuanlianshi-governed prefectures was composed of tuanlian (militia) and a smaller number of regular troops. In the fifth year of HuiChang, Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed prefectures were concentrated in the area around capitals and along the Huai River. There were three main political motives for the central government to set up Tuanlianshi-governed and Fangyushi-governed prefectures: providing military defense for the capitals, maintaining the safety of logistics routes, returning military power to governors of prefectures, and restricting the military power of Fangzhen.

Keywords： late Tang; Tuanlianshi-governed prefecture; Fangyushi-governed prefecture; hierarchy of administrative divisions; political intentions

TheRelationBetweenIndigenousIndependentBattalionsandSub-prefecturesandCounties,Yunnan-BurmaBorder,MingDynasty

LuoYong(49)

(Institute of National Culture of Dali University, Dali Yunnan 671003)

Abstract: The relation between Indigenous Independent Battalions and sub-prefectures and counties is an important issue of the relationship between Guards and Battalions and sub-prefectures and counties in frontier of Ming Dynasty. In the primary stage, Indigenous Independent Battalions commanded indigenous soldiers, and governed barbarians, civilians, and territories. Soldiers were conscribed from both barbarians and civilians. The relation between Indigenous Independent Battalions and Subprefectures and Counties includes the following: (1) When sub-prefectures and counties were abolished, their territory, barbarians, and civilians were put under the control of Indigenous Independent Battalions in early Ming Dynasty. (2) Barbarians and civilian ruled by Indigenous Independent Battalions were governed by indigenous sub-prefectures and counties in the Xuande and early Jiajing periods. (3) To ensure the normal operation of Indigenous Independent Battalions, Indigenous chieftain and officials in sub-prefectures and counties were appointed as the officers in Indigenous Independent Battalions. In essence, Indigenous Independent Battalions’ working are closely related with the transformations between Indigenous Independent Battalions and sub-prefectures and counties.

Keywords: Indigenous Independent Battalions; Guards and Battalions; sub-prefectures and counties; Yunnan-Burma border; Ming Dynasty

ACaseStudyontheEvolutionofAdministrativeDistrictNamesinQingDynasty：FromZaguTingtoLifanTing

DuanWei(59)

(Centre for Historical Geography Studies, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China)

Abstract: Many scholars disagree on the evolution of Li County in Sichuan Province in the Qing Dynasty, especially regarding the time when the name of the Zagu Ting was renamed as Lifan Ting. In 1752, the Zagu Zhili Ting was set up and the Luning Tongzhi in Ningyuan Fu that was relocated to Zagu and renamed as Lifan Zhili Tongzhi. There was no clear evidence in the late Qing Dynasity saying that the Zagu Ting was renamed as Lifan Ting in the Jiaqing era. Actually, the Zagu Ting’s abbreviation as the Lifan Ting appeared as early as in the Qianlong era, and was more popular from the Jiaqing era onwards. The abbreviation’s popularity affected the knowledge of the Central and local officials and scholars in Qing Dynasty. A lot of Central and local officials and scholars believed the Lifan Ting was the original name or that the Zagu Ting was renamed Lifan Ting only in the Jiaqing era. Thus, Lifan Ting became the official name. In Late Qing Dynasty, there were scholars who had a clear understanding of the evolution of Zagu Ting. They believed that Zagu was the place name, while Lifan was the official title. However, in the civil tradition it was simplified and called Lifan Ting.

Keywords: Zagu Ting; Lifan Ting; Qing Dynasity; abbreviation

ResearchontheImpactofExtremeDroughtontheJiajingRestorationinthe7thYearoftheJiajingReign

HanJianfu(70)

(School of Marxism, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China)

Abstract: A nationwide extreme drought with a probability of 2% occurred in the 7th year of the Jiajing (1528) in Ming Dynasty. Severe droughts wreaked havoc in nine provinces and caused huge drop in grain production in the regions that used to pay more than 70% of the country’s taxes. This disaster not only led the government to reduce taxes of the severely afflicted areas, but also increased fiscal expenditure on disaster relief in the stricken areas and on border defense supplies. These measures resulted in a huge deficit of the central government. This extreme drought exposed many long-standing pitfalls in the administration of Ming Dynasty, such as the corrupted salt administration, imperial clan over-occupying grain field, and desertion of the military farming settlement system. Consequently, this extreme drought paralyzed the border defense supply system. Therefore, the Ming government had had to carry out a series of innovative measures such as salt policy reform, audits of the Six Ministries, and check the manors of the imperial clan to raise the supply of silver for relief and defense purposes. These emergency measures contributed to the Jiajing Restoration.

Keywords: exceptional drought; grain for civilian transportation; frontier defense supply; Jiajing Restoration

AStudyontheProcessofRicePlantinginIliandUrumqiintheQingDynasty

WangQiming(86)

(Institute for Western Frontier Region of China, Shaanxi Normal University 710062, China)

Abstract: After the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang in the Qianlong period, a military government system was gradually established in Ili and Urumqi. A large number of Manchu and Han officials and foreign envoys came so that the demand for rice increased. It was imperative to promote rice planting in the above-mentioned two areas. This paper uses manju and nikan archival sources to discuss the process of rice planting in Ili and Urumqi, the sub-topics include the trial time, the sources of rice seeds, the planting forms, the amount and distribution of the harvest, and so on. This paper reveals some general characteristics of rice planting activities in these two areas, where soldiers reclamation, farmers reclamation, the Eight Banners reclamation, and the merchants reclamation coexisted, and the Han, the Manchu, and the Uygur all participated in rice planting. These characteristics are also truthful reflections of the local human-political geography, the natural-economic the geography and distribution pattern of the ethnic groups during the Qing governance of Xinjiang.

Keywords: Qing Dynasty; Ili; Urumqi; rice planting

AnnotationsontheRicci’sWorldMapKeptintheNanjingMuseum

QueWeimin(99)

(College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China)

Abstract: A paper copy of Ricci’s World Map was found in the National History Museum in Peking in 1922 and transferred to the National Central Museum (now Nanjing Museum) between 1933-1936. This paper expounds the Map from the following eight aspects: public exhibition records, comparison of facsimiles, related literature, map’s size, map’s form, map’s woodblock, original map, special significance, etc. These are following key points in this paper: (1) the discovery and public exhibition of the “Nanjing Museum Copy” has started a new chapter of modern study on Ricci’s World Map in Chinese academia; (2) newly discovered historical materials concerning the “Nanjing Museum Copy”; (3) the mapping form of the “Nanjing Museum Copy” is “facsimile printed with woodblock in black and drawn in color”; (4) differences between the “Nanjing Museum Copy” and the “Nicolas’ Copy”; (5) differences between the formal woodblock and informal woodblocks in 1602.

Keywords： Nanjing Museum; Matteo Ricci;Ricci’sWorldMap(Kun-Yu-Wan-Guo-Quan-Tu); Nanjing Museum Copy; manuscript; woodblock

RestorationoftheAdministrativeDivisionsontheBasisofDigitizedMaps:ACaseStudyoftheNewAtlasofRepublicofChina

XuJianping(114)

(Centre for Historical Geography Studies, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China)

Abstract: The database of administrative region evolution can be built using GIS as an auxiliary means. There are two description methods for database construction, one is to describe the whole by time sections, the other is to record the time series of specific units. TheNewAtlasofRepublicofChinarepresents the highest quality of civil cartography in Republic of China. After scanning and geo-referencing, the information of administrative region on the map, which is the administrative region database of a certain time section, is extracted. However, the time limit of the administrative region represented in the map is not strict, and there are also many inaccuracies regarding the information of administrative regions. The time period reflected in the atlas mainly lasts from 1928 to 1933. In terms of Provincial-level administrative units, Shanghai, Qingdao and Xijing were omitted, so were Weihaiwei Administrative Region and Dongsheng Special Administrative Region; whereas Qiongya Special Administrative Region was Mislabeled; the capital of Guangxi Province was not marked. As to the county-level administrative units, 10 cities under the jurisdiction of provincial governments were omitted, so were three counties, two administrative bureaus, and one supervise office of Duxun; seven administrative units at the county level were misdrawn; another ten county-level offices had their legends incorrectly drawn. Therefore, the actual realization of the time section for the database of administrative regions needs to correct the mistakes listed above. Meanwhile, supplemented by the research method of the historical administrative geography, the time limit of all districts can be gauged to the same year.

Keywords: map digitization;NewAtlasofRepublicofChina; administrative region; geographic information system

AnalysisofCartographicSourceBasedonMapIntegrationofOnein50000inMainlandChina

RenYuxue1,DengFahui2(132)

(1. Department of History, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240; 2. Party School of Longyan Committee of C.P.C., Longyan 364201, China)

Abstract:MapIntegrationofOnein50000inMainlandChina(referred to asIntegration) is an important atlas of mainland China during the Republic of China. Most of the maps contain mixed geographical information from China and Japan. The publisher was not certain whether the maps were surveyed privately by Japanese, or were actually surveyed by the government of the Republic of China. This paper finds that the process of making theIntegrationatlas was complicated. Although the majority of the maps were typeset and distributed in Japan, they were mainly surveyed and mapped by the government of the Republic of China. Only a small part of the atlas was surveyed privately by Japanese. Thus, theIntegrationatlas should be a mutuality of the Chinese and Japanese surveying and mapping agencies’ work.

Keywords: Republic of China; Japan; map; source stream

RectificationofPlaceNamesinJinshu

WeiJunjie(143)

(Research Institute of Chinese Philosophy and Culture, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China)

Abstract: There are some flaws of the place names in Jinshu compiled in Tang Dynasty. No relevant annotations have been found in the collation of Jinshu edited by Zhonghuashuju. These errors have not yet been corrected. This paper makes a textual research on seven errors of place names in Jinshu.

Keywords: Jinshu; place names; rectification

ATextualAnalysisof“Nipoluomen”

WangPu(147)

(School of History and Archival Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China)

Abstract: “Nipoluomen” as a phrase seen in Chinese historical documents is related with narratives on the southern border of kingdom of Tubo. It was often regarded as a corruption of “Nipoluo” (Nepla). With first-hand accounts and other works, this article reveals that “men” should be the abbreviation of Mon-yul or Mon-pa, and “Nipoluomen” are the name of two tribes or vassal states.