识别副词特殊功能 精准掌握解题关键

江苏 章 晨

副词指的是在句子中表示行为或特征状态的词，用以修饰动词、形容词或全句，分为时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词等。在教学过程中，一线教师往往对于副词的重视程度不够，除了讲解完形填空和短文填空题时，有可能并未系统地指导过学生注意这些词。

诚然，副词在句子中的确不是核心成分，但是一些副词的特殊功能却能够帮助学生更快更精准地把握文章核心思想，更能辅助学生精准掌握阅读理解和“七选五”的解题关键，在一线教学中有巨大的意义。

一、副词的特殊功能

副词除了有修饰动词和句子的功能之外，它同时还对句子、篇章起到特殊的作用。常见的程度副词（如mainly,basically,only,just,approximately,around,significantly,highly）除了表示动作完成的程度之外，还具有区分主次信息以及表达作者语气的功能。转折副词（如however,nevertheless,yet,rather）除了表示语义的转折外，往往还具有引出主要观点的功能。一些成对出现的副词或副词短语，如“once，（but）now”，“traditionally，in fact”，“in paper，practically”等，往往呈现两种对立的观点；还有一些副词（短语）承担着展开文章、构建篇章的作用，如first,then,more importantly,meanwhile,that is,or rather，它们有时可以决定文章的结构组成。本文将结合最近几年的高考真题和模拟题，指导一线教师如何利用副词的特殊功能，引导学生掌握阅读理解和“七选五”解题关键。

二、副词的特殊功能在解题中的运用

1.利用副词甄别信息

在教师指导学生解题的过程中，应当让学生标注出题干和选项中的程度副词。指导学生根据题干核心词回归原文，再细致对比原文与题干、选项中的程度副词，甄别主次信息与细节差异，排除错误答案，锁定正确答案。

【例1】In one sport,golf,major tournaments like The Open,are already predicted to be victims of our changing climate.In the UK,an organisation called The Climate Coalition says thatgolf courses such as St Andrews could be under waterby the end of the century if sea levels rise even slightly.It told the BBC that its research predicts“cancelled football matches,flooded cricket grounds and golf courses crumbling into the sea”.

Cricket alsofaces huge challengesglobally as temperatures rise in places like India,Australia and the West Indies.The report says that stadiums in Adelaide and Perth will see a 60%increase in days with temperatures over 40℃ over the next decade.（2021 年，湖北六校）

What influence will the extreme weather have on the sports?

A.Football fans cannot afford the entrance tee.

B.Overheat willlargelyaffect the cricket calendar.

C.The golf games willthoroughlydisappear due to rising sea level.

D.Sports leaders will face bigger challenges to lead their teams to win.

在解题过程中，教师应当指导学生额外关注程度副词的程度深浅，如该例题中B 选项的largely 和C 选项的thoroughly 就属于程度副词中的部分副词和绝对副词，学生在碰到此类副词时应当回归原文，去比照文中这一概念是部分还是绝对，自然就能排除错误选项。

2.利用副词寻找主旨大意

解答段落（文章）主旨大意题时，教师应当提醒学生特别关注首段或者段首句的转折副词。在转折副词后面出现的一般是作者的主要观点，因此也很可能是文章的主旨大意。这一段落（或者文章）的结构一般是“转折副词+核心思想+支撑论据”，学生可以利用这一结构抓住做题关键。

【例2】One might think that our impressive water management would safeguard society from such catastrophic events.Yetwhen it comes to water,the past is no longer a good guide for the future and most of the water engineering is unprepared for consequences of increasingly occurring extreme weather.One of the most alarming wake-up calls came from the city of Cape Town,where the water taps of 4 million residents were nearly forced to be shut off after severe drought dried up its reservoir(水库).（2022 年，湖北十一校）

Cape Town is mentioned to show__________.

A.the reservoir was of no use

B.new water management is in need

C.how awful it was without tap water

D.the existing water management is impressive

此例题问的是Cape Town 这个例子的作用，例子属于支撑论据，因此教师应指导学生去寻找在例证之前的本段核心。例证之前的两句话通过yet 联系在一起，符合“转折副词+核心思想+支撑论据”的结构。因此可以判断出本段中yet 这个转折副词后面就是本段的观点句“the past is no longer a good guide for the future”，从而锁定答案为需要新的管理方式。

除了常见的转折副词可以引出段落（文章）核心思想外，教师还应当指导学生关注一些成对出现的副词。因为这些成对副词一般先陈述旧观点或者错误观点，再陈述现下的真实情况或者是新的论点。因此这些副词往往连接着两种对立的观点，整个段落（篇章）往往隐含着语义的转折，这种结构往往是：

教师的教学重点就是要指导学生识别成对出现的观点，分清错误的（原来的）观点、方法和正确的（现在的）观点、方法，并指导学生利用文章结构解答阅读理解题。

一般这种成对的副词为：

（1）Traditionally，previously，once，in the past...

（2）But now，actually，in practice，in fact...

【例3】For people who are interested in sound,the field of sound technology is definitely making noise.In the past,sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios,but many of today’ssound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.（2020 年7 月，天津卷，阅读理解C 篇）

What does the passage focus on?

A.How professionals invented sound products.

B.Inventions in the field of sound technology.

C.The growing interest in the study of sound.

D.How sound engineers work in their studios.

题干问的是文章的中心思想，教师指导学生通过观察文章的第一段发现成对的事实副词in the past 和today，通过这对副词，指导学生判断这篇文章的结构是“展示旧观点——提出新观点——论证新观点”，所以这篇文章的核心思想应该是这个新的观点，故选B。

3.利用副词判定作者的语气

程度副词除了表示事件完成的程度之外，还潜在表达了作者的语气，如just,merely,solely 等，它们表达的“仅仅”这个意思，不仅表示程度小，还暗含着单一、便捷等语义。教师应当指导学生关注原文中的程度副词，除了关注程度副词所在句的语义外，还要通过程度副词体会作者暗藏的语气意义。通过对语义和语气的双重理解，可以更好地把握作者的思想，从而找到解题的突破口。

【例4】Shiwali Mohan,an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center,is skeptical of these digital beings.“They’re humanlike in their looks and the way they sound,but that in itself is not being human,”she says.“Human qualities also involve how you think,how you approach problems,and how you break them down;and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算法) design.Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans.”She then continues,“If something looks like a human,we have high expectations of them,but they might behave differently in ways that humansjustinstinctively (直觉地) know how other humans react.（2021 年6 月天津卷，阅读理解C 篇）

In Mohan’s opinion,what human quality is lacking in digital beings?

A.Calculating brain.

B.Language skills.

C.Instinctive judgements.

D.Problem-solving ability.

此题问的是相较于人类而言，数字生物缺乏什么品质。学生利用Mohan 定位到相应段落之后，感觉信息杂乱无从下手。教师可以通过指导学生关注段落末句中的just 这个词，让他们感知作者使用了程度副词just（仅仅）所表达的语气，它强调了人类了解他人的反应需要靠直觉这一事实，从语气上表达了这一品质的优越性，潜在表达数字生物无法做到这一点，因此这就是两者最大的差异,从而解读出此题答案为C。

【例6】Natural swimming pools require no harmful chemicals,arefairlylow-tech. 9 .Youwon’t have todrain the pool each autumn.Except for topping it off now and then,you’ll fill the pool only once.（2021 年，湖北9+N 联盟）

C.You can make your pool as shallow or as deep as you want.

D.And once established,they call foronlya bit of management.

E.It is the most ecological and economic way to build a conventional pool.

F.They don’t rely on a mass of manufactured materials and chemical additives.

在这样一个“七选五”中，教师指导学生体会设空前一句使用的fairly 这个程度副词，以及设空后一句的won’t have to 所暗藏的语气，进而了解作者想表达的“自然泳池非常便利”这一想法。再进一步观察选项，D 选项，利用only 这个程度副词形成了语气连贯，fairly，only，won’t have to 都在表达自然泳池打理起来很便捷，再结合文章内容和D 选项语义，答案就显而易见了。

4.利用副词辅助分析文章结构

有些副词或者充当副词功能的短语会对文章结构产生一定的影响。比如meanwhile，at the same time 等，这些具有副词功能的短语引导的段落一般是并列展开的；而more importantly，or rather，for example 等则引导段落递进展开。教师在指导学生关注此类副词或短语时，应当指导学生了解这些副词或短语所引导的段落的结构，如：

递进展开

通过指导学生关注这些副词，可以帮助学生窥见文章的整体结构，并且根据文章的结构和题目设问，帮助学生从整体上宏观把握文章，从高屋建瓴的角度去破题。

【例7】The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.（2020 年，全国卷Ⅰ，阅读理解D 篇）

What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A.A new study of different plants.

B.A big fall in crime rates.

C.Employees from various workplaces.

D.Benefits from green plants.

本题问的是第一段的中心思想。段落中的介词短语for example 用例子递进展开说明；而另外一个介词短语in another 后面是并列展开的另一项研究。这两个短语在此充当副词功能，通过这两个短语，学生能够分析出本段的基本结构是“Topic+supporting example 1+supporting example 2”。因此学生可以锁定本段的中心思想应该在段首，即positive effects，故选D。

【例8】When Failure Is a Good Thing

Failure isan important processyou can learn from.36

Most people view failure as something that should be avoided at all costs....It may have been an“F”we received on a paper or the high expectations our parents placed upon our shoulders that stopped us from trying.

...

When interviewed by CNN’s Anderson Cooper,Sara said,“Instead of failure being the outcome,failure became not trying.It forced me at a young age to want to push myself so much further out.(2022 年，南京模拟题）

A.And,most importantly,it means you tried.

F.It is important toreflect on what can be learnt from failure.

运用副词的特殊功能去解这道例题，能让思路更清晰。A 和F 是本题中学生比较纠结的两个备选项。在解题过程中，教师通过指导学生观察设空位置，本空在首段，因此可确定该设空为本段主题句。再指导学生观察A 和F 选项，F 选项与原文第一句话中都含有important，不分主次，因此判定，如果选F，那整篇文章有两个并列的论点。而A 选项中的副词短语most importantly，则表明论点递进，后一个才是主要论点——it (failure) means you tried。再指导学生纵观整篇文章，文章的确是讨论failure 和try，答案显而易见是A。

另外，前文提到的成对出现的某些副词，也可以帮助学生判断文章结构，如

【例9】Drones can be used for search and rescue operations.Drones these days are equipped with certain sensors so they are able to locate the position of lost persons and work in a challenging area.The search and rescue operationsonce suffereda lot due to the lack of technology. 17 They can be used for searching andare capable enoughto drop supplies at unreachable locations.（2021 年，山东枣庄模拟题）

D.Drones can be used to study the health of farmers.

E.This could significantly increase the delivery time.

F.But now drones can make everything possible within a few minutes.

G.For instance,sending drones into the hurricanes or tornadoes could bring back essential data.

设空前面一句提到了once suffered，后句又提到are capable enough，句意明显转折，而且存在时间差，再根据once 这个副词的成对性，可判定本段的结构应该为“旧现象——新现象——论述新现象”。因此设空应该为新现象，故答案F（but now）为正确选项。

三、教学启示与总结

一线教师在教学实际中，应当指导学生适当多关注副词的特殊功能。利用程度副词，除了可以帮助学生甄别信息，还可以帮助学生找准作者的语气，更加明确作者想表达的思想。利用转折副词和成对出现的副词，可以帮助学生找到小句或者段落逻辑，找准文章的真正主旨。同时利用副词对于文章结构的特殊作用，可以帮助学生找到作者的行文逻辑，理解篇章结构，从整体把握文章，进而找到解题关键。将副词的特殊功能与解答阅读理解和“七选五”的其他技巧结合起来做题，能够使学生事半功倍。