原发性大隐静脉曲张传统开放性手术与激光治疗联合泡沫硬化术对机体免疫系统影响的比较

2023-09-25 13:06何川 丁洋 顾俊菲 万圣云
新医学 2023年9期
关键词:免疫激光治疗炎症

何川 丁洋 顾俊菲 万圣云

【摘要】 目的 探討原发性大隐静脉曲张传统开放性手术与激光治疗联合泡沫硬化术对机体免疫系统的影响。方法 按照手术方式将104例择期行大隐静脉曲张手术的患者分为激光治疗联合泡沫硬术组(MIS组,53例)和传统开放性手术组(OS组,51例)。分别于术前和术后24 h采集2组静脉血测定超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平。采用流式细胞术检测T淋巴细胞亚群及自然杀伤细胞(NK)的比例变化。采用单细胞测序(scRNA-seq)技术检测外周血免疫细胞差异基因表达。结果 MIS组术后IL-1β、IL-8水平较术前高(P均< 0.05),术前与术后的SOD、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平比较差异无统计学意义(P均> 0.05);OS组上述指标术前与术后比较差异均有统计学意义(P均< 0.05)。MIS组术前与术后T淋巴细胞亚群及NK比例比较差异均无统计学意义(P均 > 0.05);OS组术后24 h CD8+ T细胞比例升高,NK比例降低(P均< 0.05)。术后24 h

外周血免疫细胞表达差异基因功能富集分析提示OS组术后缺氧应答、IFN应答及NF-κB等炎症通路较MIS组上调。结论 大隐静脉曲张激光治疗联合泡沫硬化术对机体系统免疫炎症及缺氧反应影响较小,能够更好地维持机体的免疫平衡,较大程度保留机体原有免疫系统抵御微生物入侵的能力。

【关键词】 原发性大隐静脉曲张;激光治疗;泡沫硬化术;炎症;免疫;缺氧

Comparison of the effects between traditional open surgery and laser treatment combined with foam sclerotherapy on immune system in patients with primary great saphenous varicose veins He Chuan△, Ding Yang, Gu Junfei, Wan Shengyun. △Department of Intervention, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China

Corresponding author, Wan Shengyun, E-mail: wshy63@sina.com

【Abstract】 Objective To compare the effects of traditional open surgery  and laser therapy combined with foam sclerotherapy on immune system in patients with primary saphenous varicose veins. Methods A total of 104 patients who underwent elective varicose vein surgery were divided into the laser therapy combined with foam sclerotherapy group (MIS group,n=53) and traditional open surgery group(OS group,n=51) according to the surgical method.Venous blood sample was collected before and 24 h after operation for the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels. The changes in the proportion of T cell subsets and NK cells were detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) of immune cells in peripheral blood were determined by single-cell RNA sequence (scRNA-seq) technology. Results In the MIS group, no significant differences were observed in the levels of SOD, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ before and after operation (all P > 0.05) except that IL-1β and IL-8 levels were increased after operation (both P < 0.05). In the OS group, significant differences were noted in the above indicators before and after operation (all P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the proportion of T lymphocyte subsets and NK cells before and after surgery in the MIS group (both P > 0.05), while the proportion of CD8+T cells was increased at postoperative 24 h, and that of NK cells was significantly reduced in the OS group (both P < 0.05). Functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs in peripheral blood immune cells at postoperative 24 h indicated that postoperative hypoxia response, IFN response, and NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathways in the OS group were significantly up-regulated compared with those in the MIS group. Conclusion Laser treatment combined with foam sclerotherapy exerts slight effect on the immune inflammation and hypoxic response of the body system in patients with primary saphenous varicose veins. MIS can better maintain the body’s immune balance and preserve the capability of original immune system to resist microbial invasion to a greater extent compared with traditional OS.

【Key words】 Primary great saphenous varicose vein; Laser treatment; Foam sclerotherapy; Inflammation; Immunity; Hypoxia

慢性静脉疾病(CVD)是常见的血管疾病,以原发性居多。成人原发性静脉曲张的患病率为28%~40%,其中约90%为大隐静脉曲张[1]。静脉曲张症状的严重程度可从偶尔的不适和瘙痒到严重的皮肤溃疡。临床治疗的目的是消除病理性反流,从而减轻症状,避免慢性静脉功能不全所致的长期并发症,提高患者的生活质量[2]。传统上,大隐静脉曲张的开放性手术治疗包括大隐静脉高位结扎、点状抽剥等。大隐静脉曲张激光治疗联合泡沫硬化是一种微创手术。已知任何手术都伴随着应激反应,而术后免疫反应的程度被认为与机体创伤程度成正比[3]。手术导致机体免疫功能受损,影响了术后的快速康复,这可能增加术后并发症的发生概率[1, 4]。因此,本研究对行激光治疗联合泡沫硬化术和传统开放性手术的大隐静脉曲张患者的疗效进行了比较,为医师和患者对手术的选择提供参考。

对象与方法

一、研究对象

纳入2018至2022年皖南医学院第二附属医院行原发性大隐静脉曲张手术治疗的104例患者为研究对象,采用平均值法估算样本量。其中51例接受传统开放性手术的患者为OS组,接受激光治疗联合泡沫硬化术的53例患者为MIS组。本研究经过皖南医学院第二附属医院伦理委员会批准(批件号:WYEFYLS2023117),所有患者均签署知情同意书。

二、方 法

1.手術方法

术前采用临床-病因学-解剖学-病理生理学(CEAP)分级,予常规术前处理后,2组按不同术式进行操作。

MIS组:激光联合泡沫硬化治疗如下,患者取平卧位,采用局部浸润麻醉后对大隐静脉主干行高位结扎,患者取头高脚低位,通过超声定位,选择大隐静脉主干相对平直、分支较少的区域进行穿刺;将5F单弯导管和1 470 m光纤(山东产)置入大隐静脉治疗处,患者换头低脚高位,超声引导下沿大隐静脉主干隐筋膜室内注射肿胀麻醉液。超声实时监视下设置为连续脉冲,功率为14 W,激光波长为1 470 nm,光纤末端行走速度为5~10 mm/s,

对退出部位进行压迫处理及冷敷,以促进静脉壁的闭合和收缩。采用5号头皮针穿刺小腿处曲张静脉及病理性穿通支静脉,抬高下肢使曲张静脉处于塌陷状态、推注泡沫硬化剂(聚桂醇注射液,陕西产),每点2~3 mL,总量不超过10 mL。术后给予弹力绑带偏心性加压包扎。术后第2日改穿2级压力医用弹力袜预防术后血栓。

OS组:采用传统开放性手——大隐静脉高位结扎+剥脱术治疗。患者取平卧位,采用腰硬联合麻醉或全身麻醉,在卵圆窝处作切口,找出大隐静脉及其属支,结扎并切断其属支,距隐股交界

0.5 cm处切断大隐静脉主干,于近端结扎并缝扎,向远端插入剥离子并送至内踝,在该处作切口游离此处大隐静脉,于远心端结扎,于近心端扎于剥离子上,大腿根部用驱血带驱血后,从下至上抽除大隐静脉,小腿曲张静脉及穿通支静脉行点状剥脱,缝合切口。再给予弹力绑带偏心性加压包扎。术后第2日改穿2级压力医用弹力袜防术后血栓。

2.观察指标

术前及术后24 h分别采集患者空腹静脉血,检测以下指标。采用分光光度仪检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)。采用流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群、自然杀伤细胞(NK)比例及外周血IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α、干扰素(IFN)-γ等水平,流式结果用FlowJo软件进行分析。

术后24 h进行外周血免疫细胞表达差异基因功能富集分析,于淋巴细胞分离液(Sigma)提取单个核细胞,进行悬液加载,构建scRNA-seq文库,在Illumina HiSeq 2500平台上采用PE150模式对文库进行测序。单细胞表达数据使用Cell Ranger Single Cell Software Suite (v2.2.0)进行质量控制、样品解复用、条形码处理和单细胞3 '基因计数。R包Seurat(v2.3.4)用于scRNA-seq数据的下游分析获得差异基因,R包clusterProfiler(v4.0)分析进行功能富集,获得上调和下调的信号通路。

三、统计学处理

采用GraphPad Prism 8.1和R 4.1.1语言软件进行数据分析。分类数据采用例表示,比较采用χ 2检验。计量数据采用表示,组间比较采用t检验,组内手术前后数值比较采用配对t检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结 果

一、一般情况

2组患者的年龄、性别构成、CEAP分级具可比性(P均> 0.05)。住院时间比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表1。

二、静脉血各项指标比较

1.炎症指标

MIS组除IL-1β、IL-8在术后升高之外(P < 0.05),其余指标与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。OS组各项指标术前与术后比较差异均有统计学意义(P均< 0.05)。见表2。

2.免疫细胞

MIS组术前与术后T淋巴细胞亚群及NK比例比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。OS组术后24 h CD8+ T细胞比例升高,NK比例降低(P均<0.05)。见表3。

三、外周血免疫细胞表达差异基因功能富集分析

与MIS组相比,OS组比例升高的CD8+ T细胞上调基因功能富集提示,T淋巴细胞活化功能上调,同时对IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ等细胞因子应答增强,见图1。与MIS组相比,OS组比例降低的NK下调基因功能富集提示,对缺氧及活性氧(ROS)应答下调,细胞杀伤及吞噬功能减弱。见图2。

讨 论

与传统开放性手术相比,微创手术所具有的一些优点已经得到临床医师和患者的广泛认可,如手术及住院时间缩短,术后早期自主活动,术后疼痛减轻,恢复时间缩短及术后并发症发生率降低等[5]。除此之外,与微创手术相比,传统的开放性手术对免疫系统影响更大,具体来说,外科创伤诱发炎症状态,其特征是释放促炎细胞因子和急性期蛋白。手术操作也会抑制细胞介导的免疫功能,表现为循环淋巴细胞和其他免疫细胞的招募、激活和功能的改变[6]。同时静脉曲张传统开放性手术术中需加压止血,这会导致下肢缺血缺氧改变。急性期的改变往往可以通过级联反应等途径影响患者的病情转归及预后。大多数研究表明,通过细胞因子和急性期蛋白水平来判断的系统应激反应,在微创手术后明显减弱[7-8]。在临床工作中,具有手术指征的静脉曲张患者往往CEAP分级较重,尤其是C5~C6级患者已经发生静脉溃疡。下肢静脉性溃疡是下肢静脉功能不全最严重、最常见的并发症,相应的免疫反应及缺血缺氧情况更为严重,发生免疫失衡的比例显著增加[9]。传统手术短期内对免疫系统带来的二次损伤不可避免地影响了患者的长短期预后。

一般来说,细胞因子和急性期反应物被认为是手术创伤引起应激的早期指标。手术损伤刺激急性炎症反应,从而产生C反应蛋白及大量细胞因子如IL-1β、IL-6等。这些细胞因子的血浆水平可反映创伤的程度[10-11]。IFN-γ、IL-8作为中性粒细胞趋化剂,参与了中性粒细胞呼吸爆发和炎症反应,与TNF-α一样可同时作为手术预后的重要生物学标志[12-14]。此外,IL-10作为创伤中的免疫抑制剂,通过抑制核因子κB(NF-κB)DNA结合活性来有效抑制炎症和保护宿主[15]。本研究显示,OS组术后24 h的多项炎症指标水平升高,提示术后急性期炎症反应被激活,机体处于较强的炎症状态,对机体预后具有一定的不良影响;而MIS组术后除IL-1β、IL-8水平升高之外,其余炎症指标水平与术前相近,提示微创手术降低了急性炎症反应的机体触发水平,在一定程度上减少了术后并发症的发生率及减轻了症状。大隐静脉曲张传统手术过程止血带的运用会导致股浅动脉、股深动脉及其侧支血管的血流阻断,影响患侧下肢的血液供应,可造成术中患肢缺血缺氧。表现为局部组织及机体SOD水平降低,活性氧水平升高等[16-17]。本研究显示OS组SOD水平降低,反映了机体清除ROS的能力受损,同时间接地反映了机体ROS水平升高,此外通过对NK差异基因进行功能富集提示下调的ROS应答能力也与该结果相一致。

手术急性损伤的另一个衡量指标是白细胞的比例变化,通常包括淋巴细胞、粒细胞和NK等的比例改变[18]。T淋巴细胞作为免疫活性细胞,在机体中发挥着免疫监视作用,根据分子表型大体分为辅助和诱导作用的CD4+ T细胞及毒性和抑制作用的CD8+ T细胞。CD4+/CD8+动态平衡及失衡可反映机体的免疫状态[19]。本研究显示,OA组创伤急性期T淋巴细胞总数及CD4+ T细胞比例降低,T淋巴细胞功能受抑制,但MIS组未见显著变化,提示机体免疫炎症系统未呈现显著激活状态,提示微创治疗对机体免疫平衡影响较小。此外,值得注意的是,激光治疗联合泡沫硬化术对NK计数的影响较小,而传统开放手术对其影响更大。NK是参与细胞免疫和肿瘤免疫的重要淋巴细胞亚群,提示手术后NK毒性明显受到抑制。同时,OS组NK下调的基因富集结果提示其参与的细胞杀伤/吞噬、ROS应答功能在术后急性期处于抑制状态。

总之,本研究提示大隐静脉曲张传统开放性手术加重了局部炎症反应,刺激了机体产生免疫应答,打破了机体的免疫平衡;而激光治疗联合泡沫硬化术对机体系统免疫炎症及缺氧反应影响较小,能够更好地维持机体的免疫平衡,较大程度地保留机体原有的免疫系统抵御微生物入侵的能力,更適用于日间手术。

参 考 文 献

[1] Raetz J, Wilson M, Collins K. Varicose veins: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician, 2019, 99(11): 682-688.

[2] Li R, Chen Z, Gui L, et al. Varicose veins and risk of venous thromboembolic diseases: a two-sample-based Mendelian randomization study. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2022, 9: 849027.

[3] Manou-Stathopoulou V, Korbonits M, Ackland G L. Redefining the perioperative stress response: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth, 2019, 123(5): 570-583.

[4] Hartmann K. Endovenöse (minimalinvasive) Verfahren zur Therapie der Varikose : Schonende und effektive Alternative zur Stripping-Operation [Endovenous (minimally invasive) procedures for treatment of varicose veins : The gentle and effective alternative to high ligation and stripping operations]. Hautarzt, 2020, 71(1): 12-19.

[5] 周忠信, 万恒, 符方勇, 等. 静脉内抽剥器引导下大隐静脉主干分段结扎加属支钩除术治疗单纯性下肢静脉曲张的体会. 新医学, 2010, 41(4): 248-250.

[6] Lingohr P, Dohmen J, Matthaei H, et al. Advantages of laparoscopic compared to conventional surgery are not related to an innate immune response of peritoneal immune activation: an animal study in rats. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2017, 402(4): 625-636.

[7] Kokotovic D, Burcharth J, Helgstrand F, et al. Systemic inflammatory response after hernia repair: a systematic review. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2017, 402(7): 1023-1037.

[8] Veenhof A A F A, Vlug M S, van der Pas M H G M, et al. Surgical stress response and postoperative immune function after laparoscopy or open surgery with fast track or standard perioperative care: a randomized trial. Ann Surg, 2012, 255(2): 216-221.

[9] Raffetto J D, Ligi D, Maniscalco R, et al. Why venous leg ulcers have difficulty healing: overview on pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and treatment. J Clin Med, 2020, 10(1): 29.

[10] Lin X, Wang P, Liu D W, et al. Intraoperative oxygen concentration and postoperative delirium after laparoscopic gastric and colorectal malignancies surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin Interv Aging, 2021, 16: 1085-1093.

[11] Jötten L, Steinkraus K C, Traub B, et al. Impact of perioperative steroid administration in patients undergoing elective liver resection: meta-analysis. BJS Open, 2022, 6(6): zrac139.

[12] Heravi M M, Zadsirjan V, Saedi P, et al. Applications of Friedel-Crafts reactions in total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv, 2018, 8(70): 40061-40163.

[13] Volpin G, Cohen M, Assaf M, et al. Cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and TGFβ) as potential biomarkers of systemic inflammatory response in trauma patients. Int Orthop, 2014, 38(6): 1303-1309.

[14] de Fontnouvelle C A, Greenberg J H, Thiessen-Philbrook H R, et al. Interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor predict acute kidney injury after pediatric cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 104(6): 2072-2079.

[15] Bergmann C B, Beckmann N, Salyer C E, et al. Potential targets to mitigate trauma-or sepsis-induced immune suppression. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 622601.

[16] Yuan X, Lee J W, Bowser J L, et al. Targeting hypoxia signaling for perioperative organ injury. Anesth Analg, 2018, 126(1): 308-321.

[17] Kamal H M, El-Fallah A A, Abdelbaki S A, et al. Association between seminal granulysin and malondialdehyde in infertile men with varicocele and the potential effect of varicocelectomy. Andrologia, 2020, 52(6): e13579.

[18] Song J U, Sin C K, Park H K, et al. Performance of the quick Sequential (sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment score as a prognostic tool in infected patients outside the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2018, 22(1): 28.

[19] Adisa A O, Adedeji T A, Bolarinwa R A, et al. The inflammatory response to surgery in sickle cell disease patients undergoing cholecystectomy. JSLS, 2019, 23(2): e2019.00027.

(收稿日期:2022-12-09)

(本文編辑:洪悦民)

猜你喜欢
免疫激光治疗炎症
眼睛的激光治疗
超脉冲CO2激光治疗肾移植术后泛发性扁平疣1例
脯氨酰顺反异构酶Pin 1和免疫炎症
欢迎订阅《感染、炎症、修复》杂志
藏药对免疫系统调节作用的研究
早期肠内营养对急性重型颅脑外伤患者免疫及炎症指标的影响
运动与机体免疫能力关系研究综述
谣言袭来,我们如何“免疫”
甲真菌病激光治疗新进展
欢迎订阅《感染、炎症、修复》杂志