miR-221/miR-222与肿瘤

2014-01-21 23:35廖立综述奉水东审校
中国癌症防治杂志 2014年4期
关键词:癌基因胶质瘤血浆

廖立 综述 奉水东 审校

作者单位:421000 湖南衡阳 南华大学公共卫生学院

综述

miR-221/miR-222与肿瘤

廖立 综述 奉水东 审校

作者单位:421000 湖南衡阳 南华大学公共卫生学院

肿瘤的发生是一个多因素参与的阶段性演进过程,研究发现miR-221/miR-222在多数肿瘤中的表达失调,通过负调控抑癌基因或癌基因的表达,促进或抑制肿瘤的发生、发展。现就miR-221/miR-222在肿瘤中的表达、作用及其临床意义作一综述,并探讨miR-221/miR-222在肿瘤治疗中的潜在价值。

肿瘤;miR-221/miR-222;生物标志物

微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一类对基因具有调控功能的内源性非编码小分子RNA,通过与靶mRNA特异性结合,降解靶mRNA或抑制其翻译从而负调控基因的表达。半数以上的miRNA基因定位于肿瘤相关区域或脆性位点,与人类肿瘤的发生密切相关。miR-221和miR-222是两个高度同源的miRNAs,具有完全相同的种子序列以及许多相同的特异性作用靶点,位于染色体Xpll.3区带,并且成簇分布。研究表明miR-221/miR-222在多数肿瘤中的表达失调,通过负调控抑癌基因或癌基因的表达,促进或抑制肿瘤的发生、发展,是潜在的肿瘤诊断标志物与药物治疗靶点。本文对miR-221/miR-222在肿瘤中的表达、作用及其临床意义作一综述,并探讨miR-221/miR-222在肿瘤治疗中的潜在价值,以期为肿瘤的诊治提供新的思路。

1 miR-221/miR-222在肿瘤中的表达

在多种肿瘤组织中,一些miRNAs的表达水平出现失调。与正常对照组织或癌旁良性组织相比,miR-221/ miR-222在部分肿瘤组织中异常表达,其中在甲状腺乳头状癌[1]、乳腺癌[2]、肝细胞癌[3]、神经胶质瘤[4]、胰腺癌[5]、胃癌[6]等肿瘤组织中过表达,但在胃肠道间质瘤[7]和前列腺癌[8]等肿瘤组织中低表达。此外,某些肿瘤患者血液循环中miR-221/miR-222的表达失调,在结肠直肠癌[9]、肾细胞癌[10]、胃癌[11]、肝癌[12]、乳头状甲状腺癌[13]等肿瘤患者的血清或血浆中过表达。目前尚无文献报道肿瘤患者血液循环中miR-221/miR-222存在低表达情况。

2 miR-221/miR-222在肿瘤中的作用

2.1 促癌作用

近年来miRNAs在肿瘤细胞系中的作用得到广泛研究,通过在相应的肿瘤细胞系中过表达miRNAs或者抑制miRNAs的表达来研究miRNAs在肿瘤中的作用,是目前体外研究miRNAs功能常用的方法之一。miR-221/miR-222过表达可通过促进增殖[14]、迁移[15]、侵袭[16]、表皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)[17]、细胞周期中G1/S期转换[18]以及抑制凋亡[19]来诱导肿瘤细胞的恶性表型,通过转染Anti-miR-221/miR-222抑制miR-221/miR-222的表达可逆转相应的表型,提示miR-221/miR-222在肿瘤中可能起促癌作用。Zhang等[4]研究发现,在胶质瘤细胞中miR-221/miR-222过表达可促进肿瘤细胞侵袭,而抑制miR-221/miR-222的表达可通过调节其靶点—组织金属蛋白酶抑制因子-3(TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3,TIMP3)基因的表达水平降低细胞侵袭能力,提示抑制特定抑癌基因的表达可能是miR-221/miR-222在肿瘤中发挥促癌作用的重要分子机制。

2.2 抑癌作用

虽然多数研究表明miR-221/miR-222可通过促进肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和抑制凋亡等诱导肿瘤细胞的恶性表型,从而发挥促癌作用。但是,miR-221/miR-222在个别肿瘤中发挥抑癌作用。有报道在口腔舌鳞癌细胞系中,异位转染miR-222能减少基质金属蛋白酶1(matrix metallopeptidase 1,MMP1)和锰超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase 2,SOD2)的表达,这两种酶可能有助于细胞侵袭和转移,认为miR-222可抑制口腔舌鳞癌细胞的侵袭,发挥抑癌作用[20]。Koelz等[7]报道miR-221/miR-222在胃肠道间质瘤组织中低表达,通过抑制其靶基因KIT的表达而抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。

3 miR-221/miR-222在肿瘤中的临床意义

3.1 miR-221/miR-222的表达与肿瘤细胞耐药

Zhao等[21]报道在乳腺癌MCF-7和T470D细胞中异位表达miR-221/miR-222可使细胞对他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)耐药。此外,miR-221/miR-222的表达也可影响肿瘤细胞对替莫唑胺(temozolomide)[22]、氟维司琼(fulvestrant)[23]、吉西他滨(gemcitabine)[24]、顺铂(cisplatin)[25]等药物的敏感性。Garofalo等[26]研究发现,强制表达miR-221/miR-222后,肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand,TRAIL)敏感的非小细胞肺癌和肝细胞癌细胞对TRAIL诱导的细胞凋亡出现抵抗。表皮生长因子受体基因(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和MET受体基因(MET proto-oncogene,receptor tyrosine kinase)通过正调控miR-221/miR-222的表达抑制凋亡酶激活因子(apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1,APAF-1)基因,导致非小细胞肺癌细胞对吉非替尼(gefitinib)耐药[27]。上述研究提示,miR-221/miR-222的表达可以通过靶向凋亡相关信号通路中的靶基因,抑制相应药物诱导的细胞凋亡,致使肿瘤细胞耐药。推测miR-221/miR-222的表达对细胞凋亡的调控作用可能是其影响肿瘤细胞耐药的重要分子机制。

3.2 miR-221/miR-222的表达影响肿瘤细胞对辐射的敏感性

Chun-Zhi等[28]采用As-miR-221/miR-222或PMSCV-miR-221/miR-222转染人胃癌细胞系SGC7901,发现抑制miR-221/miR-222的表达能增强细胞的辐射敏感性,可能是通过诱导第10号染色体缺失的磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源等位基因(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)的表达从而抑制细胞增殖和侵袭引起。Li等[29]研究发现辐射诱导的c-Jun表达可促进miR-221/miR-222的表达,进而介导胶质瘤细胞的DNA损伤修复,使其具有耐辐射性,且该过程独立于PTEN,认为抑制miR-221/miR-222的表达可明显增加胶质瘤细胞的辐射敏感性。

3.3 miR-221/miR-222的表达与肿瘤预后

据文献报道多种肿瘤组织中miR-221/miR-222的表达水平不仅与肿瘤的恶性程度呈正相关,也是肿瘤预后的不利因素。Zhang等[4]报道miR-221/miR-222的表达水平与胶质瘤的浸润程度呈正相关,而且在高度恶化胶质瘤中miR-221/miR-222的表达增加可缩短患者的总生存期。Liu等[30]研究发现miR-221在胃癌组织中的高表达与晚期肿瘤转移、局部浸润、淋巴结转移高度相关,是影响胃癌患者总生存期的不利预后因素之一。

3.4 血液循环中miR-221/miR-222与肿瘤早期诊断及预后判断

miRNAs在血清或血浆中能抵抗RNA裂解酶的消化并保持稳定。最近研究表明血液循环中miR-221/miR-222的表达水平随肿瘤的发生、发展而发生变化,其作为一种潜在的生物标志物,有可能应用于肿瘤的早期无创诊断及预后判断。Song等[11]证实胃癌癌前病变者血浆中miR-221的表达水平明显高于健康对照者,且与胃癌分化程度呈正相关,提示血浆miR-221有望作为胃癌患者早期检测的生物标志物。Yu等[13]发现结合血清中let-7e、miR-151-5p和miR-222的表达对诊断乳头状甲状腺癌具有较高的灵敏度和特异度。Teixeira等[10]通过分析77例肾细胞癌患者血浆样本发现,与低表达组比较,血浆miR-221高表达组患者的生存率明显降低。Pu等[9]研究显示血浆中miR-221的表达水平过高是导致结直肠癌患者总生存期降低的不利预后因素之一。Li等[12]报道血浆miR-221高表达组的胃癌患者总生存期明显低于miR-221低表达组。表明血清和血浆中miR-221/miR-222等特定miRNAs的表达模式与肿瘤预后相关,血液循环中miR-221/miR-222的表达可能有助于某些肿瘤的预后判断。

4 结语

综上,许多研究成果提示miR-221/miR-222的表达通过促进肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭、EMT以及抑制凋亡等诱导肿瘤细胞的恶性表型,且多数情况下miR-221/miR-222高表达与肿瘤细胞对放疗、化疗、靶向治疗的敏感性以及肿瘤患者预后不良有关,miR-221/miR-222有望成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。此外,血液循环中miR-221/miR-222是一种较具潜力的生物标志物,未来有可能用于肿瘤的早期无创诊断和预后判断,对肿瘤的临床治疗具有重要指导意义。

[1] Dettmer MS,Perren A,Moch H,et al.MicroRNA profile of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas:new diagnostic and prognostic insights[J].Journal of Molecular Endocrinology,2014,52(2):181-189.

[2] Miller TE,Ghoshal K,Ramaswamy B,et al.MicroRNA-221/222 confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by targeting p27Kip1[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2008,283(44):29897-28903.

[3] Karakatsanis A,Papaconstantinou I,Gazouli M,et al.Expression of microRNAs,miR-21,miR-31,miR-122,miR-145,miR-146a,miR-200c,miR-221,miR-222,and miR-223 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its prognostic significance[J].Molecular Carcinogenesis,2013,52(4):297-303.

[4] Zhang C,Zhang J,Hao J,et al.High level of miR-221/miR-222 confers increased cell invasion and poor prognosis in glioma[J].Journal of Translational Medicine,2012,10:119.

[5] Papaconstantinou IG,Manta A,Gazouli M,et al.Expression of microRNAs in patients with pancreatic cancer and its prognostic significance[J].Pancreas,2013,42(1):67-71.

[6] Wang M,Zhao C,Shi H,et al.Deregulated microRNAs in gastric cancer tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells:novel biomarkers and a mechanism for gastric cancer[J].British Journal of Cancer,2014,110(5):1199-1210.

[7] Koelz M,Lense J,Wrba F,et al.Down-regulation of miR-221 and miR-222 correlates with pronounced Kit expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors[J].International Journal of Oncology,2011,38(2):503-511.

[8] Tong AW,Fulgham P,Jay C,et al.MicroRNA profile analysis of human prostate cancers[J].Cancer gene Therapy,2009,16(3):206-216.

[9] Pu XX,Huang GL,Guo HQ,et al.Circulating miR-221 directly amplified from plasma is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker of colorectal cancer and is correlated with p53 expression[J].Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,2010,25(10):1674-1680.

[10]Teixeira AL,Ferreira M,Silva J,et al.Higher circulating expression levels of miR-221 associated with poor overall survival in renal cell carcinoma patients[J].Tumour Biol,2014,35(5):4057-4066.

[11]Song MY,Pan KF,Su HJ,et al.Identification of serum microRNAs as novel non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of gastric cancer[J]. PloS One,2012,7(3):e33608.

[12]Li J,Wang Y,Yu W,et al.Expression of serum miR-221 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its prognostic significance[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2011,406(1):70-73.

[13]Yu S,Liu Y,Wang J,et al.Circulating microRNA profiles as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma[J].The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,2012,97(6):2084-2092.

[14] Dentelli P,Traversa M,Rosso A,et al.miR-221/miR-222 control luminal breast cancer tumor progression by regulating different targets[J].Cell cycle(Georgetown,Tex),2014,13(11):1811-1826.

[15]Yang X,Yang Y,Gan R,et al.Down-Regulation of miR-221 and miR-222 Restrain Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration That Is Partly Mediated by Activation of SIRT1[J].PloS One,2014,9(6):e98833.

[16] Falkenberg N,Anastasov N,Rappl K,et al.MiR-221/miR-222 differentiate prognostic groups in advanced breast cancers and influence cell invasion[J].British Journal of Cancer,2013,109(10):2714-2723.

[17] Hwang MS,YuN,StinsonSY,etal.miR-221/miR-222targets adiponectin receptor 1 to promote the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e66502.

[18]Li Y,Liang C,Ma H,et al.miR-221/miR-222 promotes S-phase entry and cellular migration in control of basal-like breast cancer[J]. Molecules,2014,19(6):7122-7137.

[19]Errico MC,Felicetti F,Bottero L,et al.The abrogation of the HOXB7/PBX2 complex induces apoptosis in melanoma through the miR-221&222-c-FOS pathway[J].International Journal of Cancer,2013,133(4):879-892.

[20]Liu X,Yu J,Jiang L,et al.MicroRNA-222 regulates cell invasion by targeting matrix metalloproteinase 1(MMP1)and manganese superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines[J].Cancer Genomics Proteomics,2009,6(3):131-139.

[21]Zhao JJ,Lin J,Yang H,et al.MicroRNA-221/222 negatively regulates estrogen receptor alpha and is associated with tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2008,283(45):31079-31086.

[22]Chen L,Zhang J,Han L,et al.Downregulation of miR-221/miR-222 sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide by regulating apoptosis independently of p53 status[J].Oncology Reports,2012,2(3):854-860.

[23]Rao X,Di Leva G,Li M,et al.MicroRNA-221/222 confers breast cancer fulvestrant resistance by regulating multiple signaling pathways[J].Oncogene,2011,30(9):1082-1097.

[24]Park JK,Lee EJ,Esau C,et al.Antisense inhibition of microRNA-21 or-221 arrests cell cycle,induces apoptosis,and sensitizes the effects of gemcitabine in pancreatic adenocarcinoma[J].Pancreas,2009,38(7):e190-199.

[25]Zhao G,Cai C,Yang T,et al.MicroRNA-221 induces cell survival and cisplatin resistance through PI3K/Akt pathway in human osteosarcoma[J].PLoS One,2013,8(1):e53906.

[26]Garofalo M,Di Leva G,Romano G,et al.miR-221&222 regulate TRAIL resistance and enhance tumorigenicity through PTEN and TIMP3 downregulation[J].Cancer Cell,2009,16(6):498-509.

[27]Garofalo M,Romano G,Di Leva G,et al.EGFR and MET receptor tyrosine kinase-altered microRNA expression induces tumorigenesis and gefitinib resistance in lung cancers[J].Nature Medicine,2012,18(1):74-82.

[28]Chun-Zhi Z,Lei H,An-Ling Z,et al.MicroRNA-221 and microRNA-222 regulate gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and radioresistance by targeting PTEN[J].BMC Cancer,2010,10:367.

[29]Li W,Guo F,Wang P,et al.miR-221/222 confers radioresistance in glioblastoma cells through activating Akt independent of PTEN status[J]. Current Molecular Medicine,2014,14(1):185-195.

[30]Liu K,Li G,Fan C,et al.Increased Expression of MicroRNA-221 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance[J].The Journal of International Medical Research,2012,40(2):467-474.

[2014-06-26收稿][2014-09-02修回][编辑 罗惠予]

R730.2

A

1674-5671(2014)04-04

10.3969/j.issn.1674-5671.2014.04.20

中国博士后基金资助项目(2012M511735)

奉水东。E-mail:shuidong_f@hotmail.com

猜你喜欢
癌基因胶质瘤血浆
糖尿病早期认知功能障碍与血浆P-tau217相关性研究进展
成人高级别脑胶质瘤术后复发相关因素分析
血浆置换加双重血浆分子吸附对自身免疫性肝炎合并肝衰竭的细胞因子的影响
恐惧应激对胶质瘤影响机制及干预研究进展
骨形成蛋白- 4 在人类胶质瘤中的研究现状
血浆corin、NEP、BNP与心功能衰竭及左室收缩功能的相关性
探讨抑癌基因FHIT在皮肤血管瘤中的表达意义
脑卒中后中枢性疼痛相关血浆氨基酸筛选
抑癌基因WWOX在口腔肿瘤的研究进展
高级别岛叶胶质瘤的外科治疗策略