维生素D与2型糖尿病关系的研究进展

2014-01-28 09:06周晓春
中国全科医学 2014年14期
关键词:骨化胰岛抵抗

周晓春,陈 晓

维生素D(VitD)是一种脂溶性维生素,在钙磷代谢调节方面起着重要作用。近年来,其在癌症、免疫及代谢性疾病方面的作用也逐渐被人们认识[1]。在糖尿病领域,关于VitD的研究日益深入。本文就VitD与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的关系做一综述。

1 VitD的概述

VitD除了少部分从食物中摄取之外,大部分是通过紫外线对皮肤的照射由7-脱氢胆固醇合成,然后在肝脏通过25羟化酶转化成25-羟维生素D3〔25-(OH)D3〕,再经过肾脏1α羟化酶的作用,形成具有生物活性的1,25-二羟维生素D3〔1,25-(OH)2D3〕。1,25-(OH)2D3在细胞中与VitD受体(VDR)结合,参与细胞增殖、分化与凋亡的调控。

2 VitD缺乏与T2DM的关系

美国医学研究所在2011年时提出,当血清25-(OH)D3低于50 nmol/L时认为VitD缺乏[2],而VitD缺乏在美国非常普遍[3]。胰岛β细胞上存在VDR,VitD参与了体内葡萄糖代谢,其缺乏可增加糖调节异常和T2DM的患病风险[4-5]。在一项对澳大利亚人关于糖尿病、肥胖、生活方式进行的为期5年的研究中发现,VitD的缺乏增加了糖尿病及代谢综合征的患病率[6]。同样,Pittas等[7]学者也发现,VitD缺乏是T2DM发生发展的重要诱因。然而,也有部分研究得出,VitD缺乏与T2DM无相关性[8]。针对这样的结论,Lu等[9]给出的解释是,肥胖是导致T2DM的重要危险因素,在肥胖人群中,更加容易出现VitD缺乏,VitD与体质指数呈负相关。由于VitD是脂溶性维生素,脂肪可以储存大量的VitD[10]。因此,体质量容易影响对VitD缺乏与T2DM关系判断的准确性[11]。为了更加明确VitD缺乏与T2DM的关系,Song等[12]进行了一项25-(OH)D3与T2DM关系的Meta分析,该分析涉及21项前瞻性研究,总共纳入4 996例T2DM患者和76 220例非糖尿病患者,分析得出25-(OH)D3缺乏患T2DM的相对风险为0.62〔95%CI为(0.54,0.70)〕;并且经回归分析显示,25-(OH)D3水平与患T2DM的风险呈负相关,25-(OH)D3水平每升高10 nmol/L,患T2DM的风险即降低4%。因此,目前有更多的观点趋向于VitD缺乏与T2DM的发生发展密切相关。

3 VitD缺乏对T2DM胰岛素分泌的影响

流行病学研究提示, VitD参与了胰岛素分泌的过程[13]。VitD缺乏可以导致胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素功能受损[14],其可能的机制包括直接作用和间接作用。直接作用是指:胰岛β细胞上存在VDR,其与1,25-(OH)2D3结合后,激活胰岛素转录基因,从而促进胰岛素分泌[15];间接作用则是指:通过调节胰岛β细胞膜钙离子通道,进而影响胰岛素的分泌[16]。VitD的缺乏是胰岛β细胞分泌功能不足的原因之一。

4 VitD缺乏对T2DM胰岛素抵抗的影响

第3次全美营养调查研究发现,VitD水平与胰岛素抵抗呈负相关[17]。炎症是胰岛素抵抗的促进因素,VitD能够通过激活巨噬细胞而降低炎性因子,从而提高胰岛素的敏感性[18]。另外,动物实验显示,VitD缺乏增加了肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)的活性[19]。而RAAS活性升高容易引起和加重外周组织对胰岛素的抵抗,补充VitD可抑制RAAS的活性,增加胰岛素敏感性[20]。众所周知,胰岛素抵抗在肥胖的T2DM患者中更为明显,低VitD水平是肥胖人群的一个显著特征[9]。Muscogiuri等[21]将肥胖人群根据胰岛素抵抗程度不同分为两组,一组为高胰岛素抵抗组,另一组为低胰岛素抵抗组,结果显示,两组的体质指数、年龄、性别间无明显差异,同样两组VitD水平间无明显差异。提示VitD缺乏与肥胖的关系可能要比与胰岛素抵抗的关系更为密切。

VitD缺乏可以引起甲状旁腺激素(PTH)的分泌代偿性增加,最终刺激肾脏对钙的重吸收。升高的PTH可抑制胰岛素的合成与分泌,从而导致胰岛素抵抗[22]。故有学者认为VitD缺乏可引起继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,从而加重胰岛素抵抗。而Soares等[23]认为,伴随着体质量和PTH的下降,VitD水平却没有明显变化,肥胖患者PTH与胰岛素抵抗的关系并不依赖于VitD。

5 VitD缺乏对T2DM并发症的影响

5.1 VitD缺乏与T2DM大血管病变的关系 对于单纯心血管疾病来说,VitD缺乏是其重要危险因素。一项涉及了6 123例心血管疾病患者的Meta分析提示,当血清25-(OH)D3水平低于60 nmol/L时,发生心血管事件的风险明显增加[24]。在T2DM患者中,Cigolini等[25]研究发现,合并VitD缺乏者心血管疾病的发病率要明显高于无VitD缺乏者。心血管系统广泛存在VDR和1α羟化酶的表达[26-27]。VitD能够改善动脉粥样硬化和内皮功能紊乱[28],其机制可能包括:(1)抑制巨噬细胞摄取胆固醇和形成泡沫细胞;(2)下调血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移;(3)抑制炎症触发的内皮激活和内皮黏附分子的表达;(4)抑制脂质过氧化反应[28-32]。VitD缺乏与T2DM心血管并发症的发生密切相关。那么,VitD水平能否预测T2DM心血管疾病的发生风险呢?为了回答这个问题,Alele等[33]对退伍军人试验(VADT)所涉及的936例T2DM患者〔(59.7±8.4)岁,96.9%为男性〕进行了分析,结果显示,对心血管疾病发生风险高危的T2DM患者,VitD水平并不能预测心血管疾病的发生率。

5.2 VitD缺乏与T2DM微血管病变的关系 目前VitD与糖尿病微血管病变的研究主要集中在糖尿病肾病(DN)领域。Diaz等[34]对DN的研究发现,48.9%的患者存在VitD缺乏,36.6%的患者存在VitD不足。提示VitD缺乏在DN患者中普遍存在。DN患者肾脏内肾素、血管紧张素处于很高的水平,RAAS被激活,血管紧张素Ⅱ的上升导致肾小球内囊压力升高、肾小球灌注及滤过增加,导致肾小球硬化,同时,血管紧张素Ⅱ的增加可以引起转化生长因子β(TGF-β)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)的高表达,而TGF-β、MCP-1是加重DN肾小球硬化的重要因素[35]。VitD与其VDR结合后,激活核因子κB通路,从而抑制血管紧张素的表达[36]。VitD在抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ的同时抑制了TGF-β、MCP-1的表达,从而抑制了DN肾小球的硬化[35]。除此以外,VitD影响DN的分子靶点可能还包括:肝细胞生长因子、血小板反应素-1[37]、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂[38]、nephrin[39]和β-catenin[40],但对此还有待于进一步研究。糖尿病视网膜病变也是T2DM常见的微血管并发症之一。伴有糖尿病视网膜病变的患者,其VitD水平处于更低的水平[41]。然而,对于VitD缺乏对糖尿病视网膜病变途径的影响,目前仍然缺乏足够的研究来阐明。

6 VitD在T2DM中的干预研究

Nagpal等[42]在随机双盲安慰剂对照研究中得出,对于VitD缺乏的T2DM肥胖男性患者,补充VitD可提高胰岛素敏感性。随后von Hurst等[43]在对居住于新西兰的南亚妇女研究中发现,补充VitD能改善胰岛素抵抗。在另外一项研究中,研究者给予T2DM患者口服骨化三醇2片/d,治疗12周后,发现口服VitD能增加胰岛素的分泌,但对胰岛素抵抗却没有明显影响[44]。由于VitD的剂量及剂型不同和目前尚缺乏足够的大样本随机双盲对照研究等原因,故尚不能得出对T2DM患者补充VitD后可改善胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗的最终结论[45]。

另外,有研究者认为,钙对VitD有积极影响,建议补充VitD的同时补充钙。在一项护士健康研究中,与每天补充小于600 mg钙和400 U VitD相比,每天补充大于1 200 mg钙和大于800 U VitD的患者能减少33%的T2DM患病风险[46]。然而, de Boer等[47]在一项为期7年的研究中发现,给予1 000 mg/d的钙加上400 U/d的VitD,却没能降低糖尿病的患病风险。

对于T2DM并发症,目前尚缺乏大型的随机对照研究来阐明补充VitD能否降低心血管事件的发生。有研究显示,每天给予1 000 U的VitD,预防心血管事件的效果并不令人满意[48]。de Zeeuw等[49]的研究是一项将VitD用于干预DN的随机双盲对照研究,研究纳入281例正在服用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂或血管紧张素受体阻滞剂的T2DM患者,将患者分为3组(安慰剂组,1 μg帕立骨化醇组,2 μg帕立骨化醇组),分别每天给予安慰剂、1 μg帕立骨化醇和2 μg帕立骨化醇,持续治疗4个月,结果显示2 μg帕立骨化醇组与安慰剂组相比,24 h尿清蛋白量明显下降。

7 小结

VitD缺乏在T2DM患者中普遍存在,由于脂溶性这一特征,VitD缺乏可能在肥胖的T2DM人群中尤为突出。VitD通过不同的机制影响T2DM患者胰岛素的分泌和胰岛素抵抗,增加了糖尿病的患病风险。正因为体内广泛存在VDR,VitD与T2DM血管病的发生也密切相关。临床对于T2DM患者补充VitD,由于缺乏更多的大型随机对照研究,故尚不能最终明确补充VitD能否改善胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素功能和胰岛素抵抗,也不能明确在降低T2DM并发症方面能否获益,因此今后还需要更多的大型随机对照研究来进一步阐明。

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