青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者肩部影像学新参数的临床应用价值

2015-08-29 01:20李杰静苏晓静唐翔宇张永刚
解放军医学院学报 2015年7期
关键词:肩部锁骨外观

李杰静,苏晓静,唐翔宇,张永刚,宋 凯,赵 陆

解放军总医院 骨科专科医院脊柱外科,北京 100853

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者肩部影像学新参数的临床应用价值

李杰静,苏晓静,唐翔宇,张永刚,宋 凯,赵 陆

解放军总医院 骨科专科医院脊柱外科,北京 100853

目的 探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者肩部影像学新参数—喙突外锁骨差(coracoid process outer clavicle difference,CPCD)的临床应用价值。方法 选取我科2012年2月- 2013年3月70例Lenke 1型或2型AIS患者,在自然站立位上拍摄后前位全脊柱X线片及背部外观照。分别在X线片上测量肩部影像学参数:本研究定义的喙突外锁骨差及之前学者定义的喙突高、肩高差、放射学肩高、锁骨差,在背部外观照上测量肩部外观美学参数—外肩高。将肩部各影像学参数分别与肩部外观美学参数—外肩高进行Pearson's相关分析。结果 在Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者中,本研究新定义的肩部影像学参数—喙突外锁骨差与外肩高相关性最高。放射学肩高、肩高差、锁骨差、喙突高与外肩高的相关性较喙突外锁骨差低。 结论 新定义的肩部影像学参数—喙突外锁骨差与肩部外观美学参数外肩高相关性较之前学者定义的上述参数更高,更能准确地反映肩部外观,有较高的临床应用价值。

脊柱侧凸;肩部平衡;X线片

网络出版时间:2015-04-03 09:36 网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150403.0936.003.html

双肩失平衡、腰线不对称、明显的躯干偏移是青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者常见的外观特征。青少年患者重视自身的外观形态,因此这些外观畸形对AIS患者心理状态产生影响[1-6]。目前X线、MRI等辅助检查手段大量应用于脊柱侧凸的诊治过程中。但是,应用肩部影像学参数衡量AIS患者肩部外观情况、评价矫形治疗效果尚存在争议[7-11]。应用稳定、合理且与肩部外观美学能保持一致的肩部影像学参数,对AIS患者术前评估畸形情况、合理制订矫形策略、术后评价矫形效果具有十分重要的临床意义。本研究定义自然站立后前位X线片中左右喙突外侧的锁骨最高点的垂直高度差值为喙突外锁骨差(coracoid process outer clavicle difference,CPCD)。将此新定义的肩部影像学参数和既往常用的影像学参数放射学肩高、肩高差等分别与肩部外观美学参数—外肩高进行相关性分析,探讨本研究新定义的肩部影像学参数—喙突外锁骨差是否能更准确地反映肩部外观平衡情况。

对象和方法

1 研究对象 回顾2012年2月- 2013年3月在我科接受治疗的AIS患者,选取70例Lenke 1型或2型AIS患者作为研究对象。所有患者需要有自然站立全脊柱后前位X线片及背部外观照等完整的影像学资料。排除标准:有脊柱、胸背部、肩部外伤及手术史,骨盆倾斜≥2.0 cm,双下肢不等长等情况会对肩部影像产生影响的患者。

2 影像学参数测量 1)本研究中新定义的肩部影像学参数—喙突外锁骨差:左右喙突外侧锁骨的最高点的垂直高度差值(图1)。2)Bag ó等[12]定义的喙突高(coracoid process height,CPH):左右喙突最高点的垂直高度差值(图2)。3)Suk等[9]定义的肩高差(shoulder height difference,SHD):左右锁骨外端上缘的垂直高度差值(图3)。4)Kuklo等[8]定义的放射学肩高(radiographic shoulder height,RSH):左右肩锁关节上方软组织上缘的高度差值(图4)。Kuklo等[8]定义的锁骨角转换来的锁骨差(clavicle difference,CD):左右锁骨最高点的垂直高度差值(图5)。锁骨角的计量单位为角度,锁骨差的计量单位是长度,但是两者代表的是肩部同等的畸形程度。为提高研究的准确性,本研究将测量的参数转换为统一的度量单位。

图 1 X线测量喙突外锁骨差Fig 1 Coracoid process outer clavicle difference (CPCD) was measured on X-ray film

图 2 X线测量喙突高Fig 2 Coracoid process height (CPH) was measured on X-ray film

图 3 X线测量肩高差Fig 3 Shoulder height difference (SHD) was measured on X-ray film

图 4 X线测量放射学肩高Fig 4 Radiographic shoulder height (RSH) was measured on X-ray film

图 5 X线测量锁骨差Fig 5 Clavicle difference (CD) was measured on X-ray film

图 6 背部外观照上测量外肩高Fig 6 Outer shoulder height (SHo) was measured on posterior shoulder aesthetic photographs

3 美学外观肩高测量 采用Qiu等[10]定义的外肩高(outer shoulder height,SHo),在背部外观照中,自左右腋窝中最高腋窝的顶点做水平线,交左右大臂于C、D两点,做颈部中垂线交CD连线于O点,自CO、DO的外三等分点E、F做垂线,交肩部上缘于A、B两点,A、B两点的垂直高度差值即为外肩高(图6)。

4 参数可信度评估 以上参数左肩较右肩抬高时为正值,反之为负值。利用组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)对以上测量参数的可信度和重复性进行评估:3名脊柱矫形外科医师使用同一测量软件(Image-Pro Plus 6.0影像分析软件),对以上参数分别测量1次,进行可信度分析;1名脊柱矫形外科医师对以上参数重复测量3次,每次测量间隔时间为2周,进行可重复性分析。

5 统计学分析 采用SPSS 17.0统计软件,按照Lenke 1型和2型分层研究。将肩部影像学参数(喙突外锁骨差、喙突高、肩高差、放射学肩高、锁骨差)分别与肩部外观美学参数—外肩高进行Pearson's相关分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结 果

1 一般资料 70例AIS患者中,Lenke 1型39例,平均年龄14.8岁,其中女性34例、男性5例;Lenke 2型31例,平均年龄14.2岁,其中女性28例,男性3例。Lenke 1型患者主胸弯Cobb角平均49.5°±7.2°,上胸弯Cobb角平均23.3°±6.4°;Lenke 2型患者主胸弯Cobb角平均52.6°±7.8°,上胸弯Cobb角平均33.7°±8.1°。

2 参数范围 70例AIS患者喙突外锁骨差 -3.35 ~4.52 cm,喙突高 -3.81 ~ 3.20 cm,肩高差 -4.45 ~4.33 cm,放射学肩高 -4.48 ~ 4.39 cm,锁骨差-3.92 ~ 2.86 cm,外肩高 -2.66 ~ 4.63 cm。肩部影像学参数(喙突外锁骨差、喙突高、肩高差、放射学肩高、锁骨差)及肩部外观美学参数外肩高ICC均> 0.8,表示测量数据可靠。Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者肩部影像学参数和外肩高测量结果见表1。

3 肩部影像学参数与外肩高相关分析 分别对Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者的肩部影像学参数与外肩高行相关分析,均提示喙突外锁骨差与外肩高相关性最高。Lenke 1型AIS患者各肩部影像学参数与外肩高的相关系数均较Lenke 2型AIS患者对应的相关系数大。见表2。

表1 Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者肩部影像学参数及外肩高测量Tab 1 Descriptive statistics of clinical and radiographic measures for Lenke 1 and 2 curves iadolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients ±s)

表1 Lenke 1型和2型AIS患者肩部影像学参数及外肩高测量Tab 1 Descriptive statistics of clinical and radiographic measures for Lenke 1 and 2 curves iadolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients ±s)

CPCD: coracoid process outer clavicle difference; CPH: coracoid process height; SHD: shoulder height difference; RSH: radiographic shoulder height;CD: clavicle difference; SHo: outer shoulder height

Lenke 1Lenke 2 CPCD (cm)-0.32±1.76-0.29±1.63 CPH (cm)-0.12±1.51-0.20±1.44 SHD (cm)-0.36±1.69-0.33±1.62 RSH (cm)-0.34±1.74-0.33±1.72 CD (cm)0.02±1.350.01±1.41 SHo (cm)-0.27±1.58-0.24±1.61

表2 AIS患者肩部影像学参数与外肩高相关分析Tab 2 Correlation analysis between radiographic shoulder parameters and outer shoulder height in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients

讨 论

AIS患者肩部的平衡包括外观的平衡和影像学平衡。对于患者来说,其关注更多的是治疗前双肩平衡情况及矫形术后外观美学是否得到改善。如果术前不能采用良好的指标来评价AIS患者双肩平衡情况,可能会影响手术矫形方案的选择,甚至导致手术的失败,自然也得不到满意的疗效。国内外有文献报道AIS患者矫形术后双肩不平衡、甚至加重的情况发生率为16% ~ 38%[13-15]。因此,使用稳定、合理且与肩部外观能保持一致的肩部影像学参数,对脊柱矫形外科医生至关重要。

Lenke 3 ~ 6型AIS患者由于冠状面代偿较好而很少出现肩部失平衡,而Lenke 1、2型AIS患者同为胸弯为主的脊柱侧凸类型,其对肩部平衡影响很大。许多双胸弯AIS患者由于受到僵硬的上胸弯的影响会使左肩抬高,因此在制订手术矫形策略时,如何选择合适的融合节段以达到术后良好的肩部平衡会更加困难。一些学者认为,术前肩部平衡情况可以作为是否融合上胸弯的重要指标[9,16-18]。

既往学者报道利用不同定义的影像学参数衡量AIS患者肩部平衡情况[8-12,19],而目前对于肩部影像学参数是否可以真实地反映肩部外观仍然存在争议。Bag ó等[12]定义真实的肩高为双侧肩锁关节上缘的垂直高度差值,但其定义的肩高忽略了皮肤、肌肉等软组织对外观的影响。因此,其研究显示的“间接的”影像学参数与其定义的真实肩高的相关性并不能真实反映实际情况。Qiu等[10]为AIS患者设计了5个肩部外观美学参数,并同胸1椎体倾斜角、第1肋骨倾斜角等7个肩部影像学参数进行相关性分析,结果显示,影像学参数与外观美学参数均无显著的相关性,因此他们认为,想要提高患者的满意度,脊柱矫形外科医生应更注重外观美学。但他们在研究中采用的肩部影像学参数对应到人体的解剖位置上,比较靠近内肩或者远离体表,同外观美学参数比较时,容易受到周围软组织影响。他们并未分析外观美学参数同常被用来代替外观肩高、评估脊柱侧凸术后肩部平衡情况的放射学肩高和肩高差[8-9,18]的相关性,因此结果有一定的片面性。

Ono等[11]对Lenke 1、2型AIS患者研究后,认为双肩高度不对称要分为内肩和外肩两个截然不同的区域来看待,内肩的高低是由于胸1椎体的倾斜和突起的肋骨导致的斜方肌等不对称造成的。但他们在研究中只采用了胸1椎体倾斜角、第1肋骨倾斜角2个解剖位置靠近内侧的肩部影像学参数,因此与外肩外观的相关性很低。目前在临床工作中,脊柱矫形外科医生更需要借助影像学参数来设计矫形方案。因此我们认为,在评价外肩平衡情况时可以应用与外观美学完美匹配的影像学参数,而评价内肩平衡情况时由于受肌肉等软组织影响较大,需要同时衡量影像学参数和外观美学参数。

本研究定义的喙突外锁骨差在影像片上解剖定位清晰,临床工作中应用方便。与之前学者定义的影像学参数相比,喙突外锁骨差的解剖定位点的表面软组织少,对应到人体解剖位置上更接近外观美学参数—外肩高的定位点,因此在Lenke 1、2型AIS患者的分层研究中和外肩高都有显著的相关性。虽然在Lenke 2型AIS患者中相关性较Lenke 1型低,但是结果显示仍优于之前学者定义的影像学参数。综上所述,本研究新定义的肩部影像学参数—喙突外锁骨差对脊柱矫形外科医师评估肩部平衡情况时较其他参数更具优势。本研究尚存在不足,由于内肩的高低更多受斜方肌等软组织的影响,因此内肩的外观美学及影像学平衡情况未纳入到本研究中;患者对自身肩部平衡的主观判断及其与影像学参数的关系尚需进一步研究探讨。

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Clinical value of a new radiographic shoulder parameter for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients

LI Jiejing, SU Xiaojing, TANG Xiangyu, ZHANG Yonggang, SONG Kai, ZHAO Lu
Department of Spinal Surgery, Special Hospital of Orthopedic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Corresponding author: ZHANG Yonggang. Email: zhangyg301@hotmail.com

Objective To assess the clinical value of a new radiographic shoulder parameter (coracoid process outer clavicle difference, CPCD) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. Methods Seventy AIS patients with Lenke 1 (n=39) and 2(n=31) curves admitted to our hospital from February 2012 to March 2013 were included in this study. All patients underwent total spinal posterior-anterior radiographs and posterior shoulder aesthetic photographs at a natural standing position. The radiographic shoulder parameters, including coracoid process outer clavicle difference (CPCD) which was defined by us, and coracoid process height (CPH), shoulder height difference (SHD), radiographic shoulder height (RSH), clavicle difference (CD), which were defined by previous authors, were measured on the X-ray films. The outer shoulder height (SHo) was measured on the posterior shoulder aesthetic photographs. Correlation analysis was made between radiographic shoulder parameters and SHo. Results CPCD showed the highest correlation coefficient with SHo, while the correlation coefficient between RSH, SHD, CD, CPH and SHo was smaller than that between CPCD and SHo. Conclusion The new parameter (CPCD) has higher correlation coefficient with SHo than all the previous parameters. It can more accurately reflect the shoulder appearance and it is more valuable than previous parameters to evaluate the shoulder balance.

scoliosis; shoulder balance; X-ray

R 726.8

A

2095-5227(2015)07-0716-04

10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.07.021

2015-01-30

李杰静,男,在读硕士,医师。研究方向:脊柱畸形的诊治。Email: 89721610@qq.com

张永刚,男,博士,主任医师,博士生导师,解放军总医院骨科医院副院长兼脊柱外科主任。Email: zhangyg301@hotmail. com

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