英语中的逻辑主谓关系

荆晓霞

【摘要】英语中除了句子结构上的主谓关系外，还有其它形式的主谓关系，这就是存在于不同结构中通过各种形式体现出来的内在意义上的逻辑主谓关系。正确认识这种主谓关系，对于理解原文，判断意义的正误乃至正确运用句子都是非常重要的。下面谈谈逻辑主谓关系的存在形式及用法。

【关键词】英语知识 逻辑主谓关系 类型 用法

一、复合宾语中的逻辑主谓关系

复合宾语由宾语和宾语补足语构成，它们在逻辑上是主语和谓语的关系，宾语是逻辑主语，宾补是逻辑谓语。

1.逻辑上有主谓关系的复合宾语主要是不定式和分词。

（1）名词或代词+不定式：这种结构中的名词或代词为不定式的逻辑主语，它支配不定式所表示的动作，宾语+宾补就构成了主语和谓语动词关系。如：

①The doctor advised me to give up smoking.（ I gave up smoking）

②Weve sent for a doctor to examine the patient.（ The doctor will examine the patient.）

（2）名词或代词+分词：这种结构中的现在分词表示其逻辑主语正在进行的某一动作或所处状态，现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语正在承受他人所授予的动作，过去分词表示其逻辑主语的被动动作或完成状态。如：

①I found him working at the table when I came in.（ He was working—）

②We watched the thief being taken into the police station.

（The thief was being taken into the police station.）

③Ive never heard Latin spoken.（ People spoke Latin.）

2.逻辑上具有主表关系的复合宾语。这类复合宾语主要有名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成。后者表示前者的身份、特征、状态等。因此宾补之间在逻辑上就形成了主语和表语关系。

（1）名词或代词+形容词：后者表示前者的状态。如：

①The news made everyone happy.（Everyone was happy with the news.）

②She dyed the cloth red. （The cloth turned red.）

（2）名词或代词+名词：

①The class made him the monitor.（He is a monitor of the class.）

②We found Qingdao a very good summer resort.） （Qingdao is a very good summer resort.）

（3）名词或代词+介词短语：这种结构的介词短语一般都是固定的，介词不能随便选用。如：

① The police put the robber in prison.

② The good news set all of us at ease.

（4）名词或代词+副词。如：

We found him upstairs.

We found him out when we called on him.

二、动词的非限定形式中的逻辑主谓关系

1.动名词。

（1）物主代词或名词所有格+动名词构成的动名词复合结构在逻辑上相当于一个主谓结构。如：

①Do you mind my closing the window？ （If I close the window）

②Her boys falling ill （That the boy fell ill） worried her greatly.

（2）动名词作及物动词或介词宾语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，该动名词便是逻辑谓语。如：

①We enjoyed seeing the film. （We saw the film.）

②They were praised for having finished their work ahead of time. （They had finished their work ahead of time.）

2.不定式。

（1）for+名词或代词的宾格+不定式构成的复合结构本身具有逻辑主谓关系，for后的名词或代词宾格是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式为逻辑谓语。如：

①It is important for us to learn English well. （That we learn English well is important.）

②The text is too long for us to memorize. （We memorize the text.）

（2）不定式作動词或介词宾语时，与句子的主语往往有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：

①He likes to read newspapers after lunch.

（He reads newspapers.）

②They had no choice but to obey.

③The machine needs to be repaired.

（3）不定式作状语与句子的主语也有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：

①We are working hard to improve the quality of products.

②We jumped with joy to hear of your success.

③I was so fortunate as to find my lost bag.

（4）不定式作定语与被修饰的词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。如：

①He is always the first to come and the last to leave. （ He is always the one who comes first and leaves last.）

②I have a meeting to attend this evening. （Ill attend a meeting this evening.）

3.分词短语的逻辑主谓关系。

（1）分词短语作状语。分词短语作状语其逻辑主语一定是句子的主语，分词所表示的动作受句子的主语支配，因此句子的主语和分词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。如：

①Hearing the good news （When he heard the good news） he shed tears of joy.

②Heated to 100°C（When water is heated to 100°C） water begins to boil.

③Having been discussed （After it was discussed） the problem seemed solved.

（2）分词作定语。

A.分词作前置定语：单个分词作定语通常放在被修饰的名词前，表示中心词的的动作或所处的进行状态，二者之间也有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：

a sleeping child （a child who is sleeping）

a running horse （a horse is running）

the boiling water （the water is boiling）

a broken cup （ a cup which is broken）

a lost child （a child that lost his way）

a frightened child （a child who was frightened）

B.分词短语作后置定语。分词短语作定语只能放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句，它和被修饰之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：

①The student sitting （Who is sitting） at the desk is good at math.

②Rays coming（that come）straight down from over head strike the earth strongly.

③ It is a factory built （which was built） last year.

4.獨立主格结构中的逻辑主谓关系。名词或代词+一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语构成独立主格结构。这个结构中的名词或代词就是后面分词、形容词等的逻辑主语、分词、形容词等是它的逻辑谓语。如：

①Their work having been down，they took a rest.

②The children are a snowman，hands red with cold.

③I have bought a new coat，the old one being worn out.

独立主格结构也可以用with的复合结构来表示。

①He stood there with his hands in his pockets.

②With his head held high，he walked past the pole.

三、It作形式宾语时的逻辑主谓关系

引导词it作形式宾语代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语，结构上实际是一个复合宾语。因此代替的不定式、动名词短语及从句与句子的宾语、补语二者之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：

①We found it important to learn English well.（To learn English well is important.）

②We think it no good learning theory without practice.（Learning theory without practice is no good.）

③Ill make it clear to you that failure is the mother of success.（That failure is the mother of success will be made clear to you.

参考文献：

[1]荆茂彬.浅谈复合宾语的类型[J].英语知识，1989（06）.

[2]水青，秀兰.使役动词have的复合宾语用法归纳[J].英语知识，2004（12）.

[3]张伟宗，李宣荣.要求复合宾语的动词句型[J].英语知识，1990 （03）.