徐彬 裴福兴
(四川大学华西医院骨科,成都610041)
·综述·
髋膝关节置换术加速康复中糖皮质激素的作用*
徐彬 裴福兴**
(四川大学华西医院骨科,成都610041)
随着加速康复理念在髋膝关节置换术中逐步应用,减轻术后炎症、缓解疼痛、预防恶心呕吐、改善患者精神、提高肌力等已成为围术期管理的重要内容。糖皮质激素作为重要的抗炎药物,已应用在髋膝关节置换术围术期治疗中,并达到加速康复的目的。本文就糖皮质激素在髋膝关节置换术加速康复中的应用进行综述,以期为进一步更科学有效地应用糖皮质激素提供理论基础。
糖皮质激素;髋膝关节置换术;加速康复;抗炎
加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery, ERAS)是采用一系列有循证医学证据证明有效的围术期处理措施,以减少手术创伤应激反应,预防器官功能障碍,减少术后并发症,缩短住院时间,减轻患者痛苦,从而提供高效率、高质量的医疗服务[1,2]。ERAS在髋膝关节置换术(total hip/knee arthroplasty, THA/TKA)的应用重点包括减轻术后应激及炎症反应、优化血液及营养管理、优化疼痛和睡眠管理、预防静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)及感染、预防恶心呕吐、优化止血带及引流管等[3]。
炎症是手术创伤及应激反应的一个重要部分,炎症反应与术后疼痛、恶心呕吐、疲倦、眩晕、肌力下降、睡眠障碍等密切相关,因此,降低术后炎症反应有助于减少术后并发症、缩短住院时间,起到加速康复的作用。
糖皮质激素作为常用而有效的抑制炎症反应药物,已被广泛应用于髋膝关节置换术,通过降低术后炎症反应,从而达到缓解疼痛、预防恶心呕吐等作用。本文围绕加速康复外科这一理念,以降低炎症反应为中心,综述髋膝关节置换术加速康复中糖皮质激素的作用。
髋膝关节置换术是大型手术,手术部位深,需要进行分离和截骨等操作,手术失血多、创伤大,伤后的应激反应会导致全身及局部出现明显的炎症反应,及包括C-反应蛋白(C-reactionprotein,CRP)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)在内的多种炎症因子升高,同时引起局部疼痛、伤口肿胀、恶心呕吐、精神食欲下降等术后并发症。
疼痛的来源包括神经刺激和炎症反应[4,5],术后创伤可导致大量炎症介质释放,从而降低痛觉感受器阈值,引起痛觉敏化[6],导致患者接受轻微的刺激后,也会出现剧烈的疼痛。此外,炎症反应持续存在,也是术后慢性疼痛难以控制的重要原因[6]。髋膝关节置换术后包括IL-1β、IL-6、转化生长因子α(transforming growth factor-α,TGF-α)在内的多种炎症因子均显著升高。Zhang和An[7]的研究表明,IL-1β、IL-6、TGF-α等炎症因子在疼痛的发生中扮演重要角色。
术后恶心呕吐的重要因素包括手术创伤,患者个人体质,麻醉、镇痛药物等引起的术后胃肠道反应,而手术创伤可引起大量免疫细胞增殖和聚集,并释放不同的炎症介质,这些免疫细胞及炎症介质是引起术后肠麻木甚至肠梗阻(postoperative ileus, POI)的重要原因[8]。POI常开始于术后3~4 h,并可持续数天。术后恶心呕吐的原因很多,停用引起恶心呕吐的药物是重要的环节,但在麻醉后应用糖皮质激素常可预防恶心呕吐的发生,恶心呕吐的发生率明显下降。
Paddison等[9]发现,开放性结直肠术后患者疲倦评分与腹膜IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α水平相关。Maier等[10]的研究认为,局部炎症反应可刺激迷走神经引起疲倦,迷走神经与孤束核直接相关,而孤束核可由外周免疫学刺激而激活[11,12]。因此,可以推测髋膝关节置换术后局部炎症因子的升高也可刺激孤束核及迷走神经系统,从而引起术后疲倦。
已有充分的证据[13]表明,炎症因子,如IL-6及TNF-α参与肌力下降及肌萎缩的发生过程。Bautmans等[14]的研究发现,急性感染时出现炎症及IL-6升高的住院老年患者,与不伴有炎症的患者比较,肌力及耐力更差。Bautmans等[15]以择期腹部手术患者为研究对象,证明手术引起的炎症反应可引起CRP、IL-6、TNF-α升高,并与肌力下降相关。
糖皮质激素因具有显著的抗炎作用而被广泛用于过敏、哮喘、自身免疫病、脓毒症等。临床上常用的糖皮质激素有地塞米松、强的松、甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠、氢化可的松等,其中,0.75 mg地塞米松相当于5 mg强的松、4 mg甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠、20 mg氢化可的松[16]。随着围术期加速康复的应用,糖皮质激素也逐渐应用于围术期治疗。目前,糖皮质激素已应用于乳腺手术[17]、椎间盘手术[18]、腹腔镜胆囊切除术[19]、结肠切除术[20],关节置换术等[21,22]围术期的处理中。(表1)
关节置换术围术期中可应用的糖皮质激素包括地塞米松、甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠、氢化可的松、氟羟氢化泼尼松,应用方式包括全身(静脉应用或口服)及局部应用(关节内或关节周围),应用时机包括术前、术中、术后[37]。全身应用包括高剂量[21-25](地塞米松40 mg、甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠125 mg)及低剂量应用[26-28](地塞米松10 mg/8 mg、氢化可的松100 mg),目前大部分研究均为单次应用,多于术前静脉注射,仅Jules-Elyee等[28]在术前及术后8 h两次应用100 mg氢化可的松,Romundstad等[23]在术后第1天予甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠125 mg静脉注射。局部注射多为鸡尾酒镇痛方案中加用糖皮质激素,于术中行关节周围浸润注射,药物包括地塞米松6.6 mg[30]、甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠40 mg[29]、去炎松40/80 mg[31-35]、倍他米松1 mg[36],多为低剂量应用,仅Chia等[35]的研究中包含低剂量组去炎松40 mg及高剂量组去炎松80 mg。
2.2.1 抗炎作用:Lunn等[21,22]在TKA及THA术前静脉应用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠125 mg发现,24 h时CRP较对照组下降,Kardash等[25]在THA术前静脉应用地塞米松40 mg发现,48 h时CRP较对照组下降。Jules-Elyee等[28]在双侧TKA术前及8 h后静脉应用氢化可的松100 mg发现,术后6 h及10 h时IL-6下降,24 h时IL-6无明显下降。Ng等[32]在膝关节单髁置换术中发现,布比卡因及肾上腺素中加用40 mg去炎松行关节周围注射术后前3 d CRP及ESR较不加去炎松下降。Ikeuchi等[30]在TKA术中应用6.6 mg地塞米松也发现,术后CRP及IL-6下降。
2.2.2 镇痛作用:术前甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠高剂量静脉应用发现,患者整体疼痛下降,包括静息痛及活动痛,并减少羟考酮的使用剂量[21,22]。同样,术前地塞米松高剂量或低剂量静脉应用均可缓解术后疼痛,并可减少阿片类药物的应用[26-28]。在关节腔周围行鸡尾酒浸润注射时加用地塞米松6.6 mg、去炎松40 mg可缓解术后疼痛,减少吗啡等药物的应用[30-35],而加用1 mg倍他米松可缩短塞来昔布的应用时间[36]。
2.2.3 预防恶心呕吐:在髋膝关节置换术前,静脉应用高剂量甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠及地塞米松或低剂量地塞米松均发现,可预防术后恶心呕吐,并可减少昂丹司琼等镇吐药物的应用[25-27]。而术中行糖皮质激素关节周围浸润注射并无相关作用。国际公认的预防术后恶心呕吐的指南[38]也推荐,静脉应用低剂量地塞米松及甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠具有预防术后恶心呕吐的作用。
2.2.4 改善术后疲倦:Lunn等[21]在TKA术前静脉应用高剂量甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠后发现,患者手术当天疲倦感减轻,之后并无相关作用。其评估疲倦的方法为10分制数字评分法(1分为舒适,10分为疲倦)[39]。2.2.5改善肌力及关节功能:在单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)及TKA术中,行关节周围鸡尾酒注射时加用地塞米松6.6 mg或去炎松40 mg可使患者术后直腿抬高时间提前,并改善术后关节活动度[30-34],这表明糖皮质激素局部应用可加速术后肌力恢复,有改善术后关节功能的作用。术后全身应用糖皮质激素是否也可增强肌力,改善关节功能仍需进一步研究。
虽然长期应用糖皮质激素有增加感染、消化道出血等风险[40,41],但围术期单次应用糖皮质激素并无相关风险[16,39,42-45]。一项涉及51个研究的meta分析也证实,心脏手术及创伤手术术前单次应用高剂量甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠15~30 mg/kg不会增加术后并发症风险[44]。Lunn等[21]的研究发现,在TKA术前全身应用糖皮质激素可导致术后第1晚睡眠不良。此外,术前应用糖皮质激素会导致术后在PACU内血糖升高[28]。有研究[24,34]发现,局部应用糖皮质激素可能增加术后感染,虽然与对照组比较,发生率差异无统计学意义,但仍需重视。目前,髋膝关节置换术围术期应用糖皮质激素出现感染及消化道出血等风险的相关研究限于患者数量、随访时限等因素,仍需进一步研究以确证。
表 1 糖皮质激素在髋膝关节置换术围术期中的应用方案及临床疗效
应用糖皮质激素有引起骨坏死的风险,而使用时间及剂量均与骨坏死发生率呈正相关。梅奥诊所报道的77例激素引起的骨坏死患者中,最早出现骨坏死是在口服甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠16 mg/d第36天(累积剂量达576 mg)[46]。Wong等[47]报道的1352例接受短期高剂量激素治疗的患者中,仅4例出现股骨头坏死,平均激素使用总剂量为102 mg(以地塞米松为当量)(59~150 mg),平均激素使用时间20 d(15~27 d)。Powell等[48]的研究报道,在短期内口服1000 mg强的松可增加骨坏死发生率。目前,文献报道,在髋膝关节置换术围术期全身应用糖皮质激素,地塞米松每日使用剂量为8~40 mg,或甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠125 mg,或氢化可的松100 mg,使用时间不超过48 h,累计量地塞米松不超过40 mg,甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠不超过125 mg,氢化可的松不超过200 mg,文献并未发现骨坏死相关并发症。因此,控制使用剂量非常重要,在髋膝关节置换术围术期短期、低剂量应用糖皮质激素并不会引起骨坏死相关并发症。目前,对糖皮质激素引起骨坏死的研究多为长期应用及短期大剂量应用,围术期单次应用或短期数次应用糖皮质激素引起骨坏死风险的研究仍非常有限,需要进一步研究。
糖皮质激素因其有显著的抗炎作用,已被广泛应用于围术期处理中,以降低术后炎症反应、缓解疼痛、降低恶心呕吐发生、增强肌力、缓解疲劳、改善关节功能等,加速患者术后康复。全身应用糖皮质激素,不管是高剂量应用还是低剂量应用,均有明确的预防术后恶心呕吐的作用[29,37],而局部应用糖皮质激素也有相关临床优势。介于糖皮质激素可预防术后恶心呕吐并改善患者精神,从而改善患者术后营养状况,是否减少术后血红蛋白及白蛋白下降尚需进一步研究。全身应用高剂量糖皮质激素可缓解髋膝关节置换术后的疼痛[21-25],但全身应用低剂量糖皮质激素疼痛并无明显缓解[26-28]。因此,Lunn等[37]赞同Oliveira等[40]的观点:与全身应用低剂量地塞米松0.1 mg/kg比较,全身应用高剂量地塞米松≥0.11 mg/kg可减少阿片类药物的应用,并可更有效地缓解关节活动痛。但地塞米松更高剂量≥0.21 mg/kg的镇痛效果可能并不比中等剂量更好[40]。此外,研究报道,局部应用糖皮质激素也可降低局部炎症反应,缓解局部疼痛,但由于各研究样本有限、研究设计欠科学、偏移较大等原因,局部应用糖皮质激素是否有镇痛效果仍需进一步设计更为科学的研究进行探索。在降低术后炎症反应、缓解疼痛、改善体力、增强肌力等前提下,患者一般情况,如精神食欲,得到明显改善,从而加速术后恢复并缩短住院时间。虽然目前无论糖皮质激素是全身应用还是局部应用均未发现可增加包括感染及消化道出血在内的严重并发症,但可能会影响术后第1天的睡眠质量[21],因此,围术期糖皮质激素应用可考虑在术后予安定等药物改善睡眠。此外,由于糖皮质激素有升高血糖的作用,加上手术应激等影响,围术期应用糖皮质激素时,应检测血糖水平,并进行控制,尤其对于糖尿病患者。虽然目前认为,围术期单次应用糖皮质激素有较高的安全性,但由于各研究样本量较小、随访时间较短、缺少严谨的方法评估感染及其他一些并发症,围术期应用糖皮质激素的安全性仍需要随访时间长、设计严格的大样本研究进一步验证[49]。目前,临床中应用糖皮质激素方法众多,药物类别、剂量及应用途径不同,各应用方案之间的比较也值得进一步研究,以期寻找最有效且安全的应用方案,为临床提供统一的应用流程。
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f Effect of glucocorticoid in the enhanced recovery after surgery program of total hip/knee arthroplasty*
XU Bin,PEI Fuxing**
(Department of Orthopedic Surgery,West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041,China)
As the enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS)program is being applied in total hip/knee arthroplasty(THA/ TKA),alleviating postoperative inflammation,relieving pain,preventing nausea and vomiting,improving psychological status and enhancing muscle strengthen have become important in perioperative management.Glucocorticoid,a kind of important anti-inflammatory drug,has been applied in the perioperative management of THA/TKA to achieve the effect of ERAS. In this paper,we reviewed the application of glucocorticoid in the ERAS program of THA/TKA,to provide more evidences for a scientific and effective use of glucocorticoid.
Glucocorticoid;Total Hip/KneeArthroplasty;Enhanced RecoveryAfter Surgery;Anti-inflammation
2095-9958(2017)06-0 259-06
10.3969/j.issn.2095-9958.2017.03-20
国家卫计委行业科研专项(201302007)
**通信作者:裴福兴,E-mail:peifuxing@vip.163.com