创新沙漠治理 培育金色产业

文/吴平

在新疆和田市一家沙漠生物科技企业的种植基地，工作人员正在检修滴灌管道 （新华社记者胡虎虎摄）

我国是世界上荒漠化面积最大的国家，同时也是全球治沙取得重大成果的实践典范。根据《中国荒漠化和沙化状况公报》，截至2014年，全国荒漠化土地面积261.16万平方公里，占国土面积的27.20%；沙化土地面积172.12万平方公里，占国土面积的17.93%。治理沙漠对于改善生态环境、实施精准扶贫、推进生态文明建设具有重大的现实意义。

China is the country with the largest desertification area in the world. In the meantime, China is also a practice model of achieving significant results on deserti fication control in the world. According to Bulletin of Desertification and Sandification Status in China,up to 2014, the national desertification land area was 2,611,600 square kilometers which occupied 27.20% of the national territorial area; the sandi fication land area was 1,721,200 square kilometers which occupied 17.93%of the national territorial area. Desert governance has great realistic signi ficance for improving ecological en-vironment, implementing targeted poverty alleviation,and promoting ecological civilization construction.

从“沙进人退”到“人沙和谐”

荒漠化和沙化土地呈面积减少、程度减轻趋势。经过长期不懈努力，三北防护林、京津风沙源治理、退耕还林、退牧还草等重点生态工程持续取得进展。目前我国荒漠化和沙化状况呈现整体遏制、持续缩减、功能增强、成效显著的良好态势。根据2015年发布的第五次全国荒漠化和沙化监测结果显示，我国荒漠化和沙化土地面积自2004年以来连续10余年保持“双缩减”，其中荒漠化土地面积已从上世纪末年均扩展1.04万平方公里转变为目前的年均缩减2424平方公里，沙化土地面积由上世纪末年均扩展3436平方公里变为目前的年均缩减1980平方公里。

发展沙产业使沙害变沙利，黄沙变黄金，沙漠成良田。1984年钱学森提出，具有充沛阳光资源的沙漠、戈壁可以发展成为农业型产业空间。应该大力发展“多采光、少用水、新技术、高效益”的沙产业。30多年来，在沙产业理论的指导下，在我国西部沙区已初步形成了以灌草饲料、中药材、经济林果、沙漠旅游等为重点的沙区特色产业，开发出了饲料、药品、保健品等一大批沙产品，并带动了种植、加工、物流等相关产业的发展，沙产业链不断延长，产值不断增加，成长起了一批从沙漠中淘金的龙头企业，昔日的不毛之地如今生机盎然。沙产业的发展使沙害变沙利，黄沙变黄金，沙漠成良田，增加了土地存量，为粮食安全奠定了基础。

沙漠治理仍然任重而道远

沙漠治理认识不高、资金不足、知识不够。总体上看，我国各地沙漠治理工作仍不平衡，一些地方存有畏难情绪和消极思想，资金投入力度不够、管理不善，“生态欠账”问题突出，甚至有些地方存在故意污染沙漠的情形。目前，国内外治理沙漠主要通过围栏封育、退耕还林还草、植树造林等生物措施增加植被覆盖度或通过工程和化学措施固定沙质地表，减少风沙活动。这些方式在短期内产生了一定的生态效益，但忽视了生态系统整体功能恢复和协调发展。同时，荒漠化治理的物理、化学措施由于忽视了沙区的社会经济效益，其可持续性也受到质疑。

沙产业生产规模小，组织化程度低，整体效益不显著。许多荒漠化、沙化地区生态虽然有所好转，但农牧民却并未脱贫致富，存在“生态强、经济弱”的现象。防沙治沙项目投融资模式简单、资金压力大，只依靠国家拨款投资，引入市场机制和民间资本力度不够。沙产业是知识密集的高科技农业型产业，项目周期长、投资风险大、企业规模小、科技创新力度不足、资源综合利用水平不高、产业精深加工能力弱等因素制约了沙产业的进一步发展。

From “desert advance and human retreat” to “harmony of human and desert”

There is a trend that the area of desertification and sandification decreases， and the severity degree is alleviated. Through long-term and unremitting efforts, the key ecological projects, such as Three North Shelterbelt, Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control,returning cultivated land to forest, and returning grazing land to grassland, have obtained continuous progress. At present, the deserti fication and sandi fication situation of our country appear the good situation of overall containment, continuous shrinkage,and remarkable effectiveness. According to the result of the fifth national desertification and sandification monitoring in 2015, the land area of desertification and sandification of our country has been keeping “double shrinkage” for more than 10 consecutive years since 2004. The desertification land area has changed from annual average expansion of 10,400 square kilometers at the end of last century to annual average shrinkage of 2,424 square kilometers now; the sandification land area has changed from annual average expansion of 3,436 square kilometers at the end of last century to annual average shrinkage of 1,980 square kilometers now.

Develop desert industry; change the desert hazard to desert benefit; change yellow desert to gold; change desert to fertile farmland. In 1984, Qian Xuesen came up with the opinion that the desert and gobi with abundant sunshine resources could be developed into agricultural industrial space. It shall make great effort to develop desert industry of “more lighting, less water, new technology, and high bene fi t”. For more than 30 years, under the guidance of desert industry theory,we have formed preliminary desert land characteristic industry in desert land of western China which focuses on shrub grass fodder, traditional Chinese medical herbs, economic forest and fruit tree, desert tourism,etc.; developed a batch of desert products, such as fodder, medicine and health care products; and driven the development of planting, processing, logistics and related industries; extended the desert industry chain and increased production value continuously; developed a batch of leading enterprises which seek gold in desert. The land which did not grow anything in the past has been transferred to the land which is full of vitality. The development of desert industry changes the desert hazard to desert bene fi t; changes the desert to fertile farmland and increases land inventory which lays foundation for food security.

Arduous task and long road for desert governance

There are problems of low awareness, insufficient fund and knowledge for desert governance. In general,the desert governance work throughout China is not balanced; the people of some regions have the fear of difficulty and negative thoughts; the investment is not enough; even in some regions the desert is polluted on purpose. At present, the desert governance at home and abroad mainly takes the biological control measures like fencing enclosure, returning cultivated land to forest and grassland, and forestation for increasing vegetation coverage; or takes engineering and chemical measures for fixing desert surface and reducing wind-sand activity. These methods have certain ecological effect in short period. However, they neglect the overall function restoration of ecosystem and harmonious development. In the meantime, some the physical and chemical measures of desertification governance neglect the social and economic benefits of the desert area, so the sustainability is questioned.

There are problems of small scale production of desert industry, low organization degree, and unremarkable overall benefit. Although the ecological environment turns better in many regions of desertification and sandification, the peasant and herdsman could not overcome poverty and achieve prosperity. For the desert prevention and control project, the financing and investment mode is simple with great capital pressure. It only relies on the fund investment by the government now. The strength for bringing in market mechanism and private capital is not enough. Desert industry is a knowledge-intensive and high-tech agricultural industry. The factors, such as long project cycle, big investment risk, small scale enterprise, deficient science and technology innovation strength, low comprehensive resource utilization level, and weak industrial intensive processing capability, etc., restrain the further development of the desert industry.

Create new chapter of desert prevention, governance and utilization together

Set up green development concept; strengthen legal guarantee; and promote Chinese experience. There are many methods for desert prevention and governance.We shall set up green development concept; adjust measures to local conditions; come up with integrated solution of technology, product and governance for different situation. Complete the “Three Rights Separation” system design of desert land gradually; extend the valid period of contracting right and operational right of desert land; and provide legal guarantee for desert government. Clarify desert land property right;protect all the required rights of operating entity for engaging in desert governance by law; and make more efficient and reasonable utilization of desert land resource. Strengthen international cooperation of desert prevention and governance, especially among countries along the Belt and Road; share “Chinese experi-ence” in desert governance with countries in the world together.

新疆维吾尔自治区策勒县在建设防风治沙屏障的同时大面积种植抗旱、耐风沙的红枣，为农民拓宽了增收之路。图为策勒县一处红枣种植园（新华社记者胡虎虎摄）

共创防沙、治沙、用沙新篇章

树立绿色发展理念，强化法治保障，推广中国经验。防沙治沙不是只有一种方式，而应树立绿色发展理念，因地制宜，针对不同情况提出技术、产品、治理一体化的解决方案。逐步完善沙漠土地“三权分置”制度设计，延长沙漠土地承包权、经营权流转年限，为沙漠治理提供法治保障。清晰沙漠土地产权，依法维护经营主体从事沙漠治理所需的各项权利，使沙漠土地资源得到更有效合理的利用。加强国际合作，推进“一带一路”地区防沙治沙，共筑丝绸之路经济带生态屏障；推广沙漠治理“中国经验”，共促世界各国生态治理。

创新发展沙漠经济，打造金色产业。要改变单纯以固沙为主要目标的传统防沙治沙理念，坚持“防沙治沙与用沙”相结合。充分开发沙漠潜能，发挥沙区光热资源充足、土地资源广阔的优势，采取“多采光、少用水、新技术、高效益”的技术路线，积极发展绿色富民产业，培育沙产业龙头企业，提升沙产业的质量和效益。发展沙漠经济，将沙漠治理与沙区植物、新能源和旅游等资源产业化结合起来，依靠产业创新、技术创新、金融创新等手段，构建以“科技支撑—生态修复—产业发展—社会进步”为主线的沙漠治理新型模式。

“沙漠就是资源，生态就是生意”，沙区扶贫是全国扶贫攻坚难啃的硬骨头。治理沙漠必须与发展经济、改善民生、精准扶贫有效结合起来，让沙区群众从治沙中受益，看到治沙的经济、生态前景。充分考虑沙区的自然条件、社会环境，因地制宜利用沙区资源禀赋，探索出一条把“治沙”和“治穷”相结合的生态扶贫道路。

统筹节水、集水、护水、调水手段，合理、高效利用水资源。让“沙漠变绿洲”，水资源是决定性因素，要推广节水灌溉技术，提高水资源利用效率。选育和引进节水高效的牧草、农作物、林果品种，实现“高投入—高产出—高收益”的良性循环。慎重开采地下水，保证合理水位，避免过度开采地下水使浅层水位下降，造成土地沙化。充分开发利用“边缘水资源”，包括天然降水的收集，沙漠居民的废水回收利用和沙漠地下咸水的挖掘及淡水转化。

Develop desert economy in innovative way, create gold industry. It shall change the traditional desert prevention and governance concept which only regards stabilization of desert as main target; insist the combination of “desert prevention, governance and utilization”. Fully develop the potential of desert; exert the advantage of desert area of sufficient sunshine and heat resources and wide land resource; adopt the technical path of“more lighting, less water, new technology, and high benefit”; develop green industry which enriches people actively; cultivate leading enterprise of desert industry;improve the quality and benefit of desert industry.Develop desert economy; combine desert governance with industrialization of plant, new energy and tourism in desert area; build new mode of desert governance with the main line of “science and technology support-ecological restoration-industry developmentsocial progress” by the means of industrial innovation,technical innovation and financial innovation

“Desert is resource, ecological environment is business”. Poverty alleviation in desert area is a tough nut to crack in national poverty alleviation. It must combine desert governance with economy development,improvement of people’s livelihood, targeted poverty alleviation effectively; benefit the people in desert area during desert governance; and make people see the economic and ecological prospect of desert governance. Take fully consideration of natural condition and social environment in desert area; adjust measures to local conditions and utilize resource endowment in desert area; explore an ecological and poverty alleviation road with the combination of “desert governance”and “poverty governance”.

Make overall planning of water saving, water collection, water protection and water adjustment; use water resource reasonably and effectively. Water resource is a decisive factor for “changing desert to oasis”. It shall promote water-saving irrigation technique and improve utilization efficiency of water resource. Select breeding and bring in water-saving ef fi cient grass, crop and fruit variety; realize virtuous circle of “high investment-high output-high benefit”.Consider carefully for mining groundwater; ensure reasonable water level; prevent the dropping of shallow water level and sandification of land due to excessive exploitation of groundwater. Fully develop and utilize “marginal water resources”, including the collection natural rainfall, reclamation of waste water,excavate saline groundwater.