英语教学中分词作状语的用法

2018-06-06 07:39李文娟
广东教育·综合 2018年5期
关键词:语态主句分词

李文娟

分析近几年高职高考英语的考题,笔者发现非谓语动词的用法在词汇和语法项目考查中比较稳定。其中分词作状语的用法属于重点考查项目。根据实际教学实践和考试要求,笔者对分词作状语的用法浅析如下。

一、分词的分类和各种形式的具体含义

分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。从时态和语态上看,现在分词表示主动、进行,过去分词表示被动、完成,不及物动词的过去分词仅表完成。

现在分词的时态和语态用法如下表(以do为例):

当只强调被动,时间早于谓语动词之前发生时,having been done=done.

现在分词和过去分词的否定形式为:not doing/not having done/ not done 等。

二、应用分词作状语的前提条件

1. 分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应与主句的主语一致。

例如:(1)If you turn left, you will find our school.该条件状语从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致,都是you,并且状语从句中主语和谓语是主动关系,且发生时间几乎同时,即表示主动、进行。在这种情况下,条件状语从句可简化为现在分词作状语: Turning left, you will find our school.

(2)Because we hadnt visited the Palace, we were all surprised by its glory.该原因状语从句中的主语和主句主语都为we,且从句动作visit发生时间早于主句谓语动词were surprised,从句为否定句。所以,该句子用分词作状语形式如下:Not having visited the Palace, we were all surprised by its glory.

(3)Even though I am invited to his wedding, I wont like to go. 该让步状语从句和主句的主语都为I,且让步状语从句中主语和谓语之间是被动关系,所以可以用过去分词改写该句子:Even though invited to his wedding, I wont like to go.

2. 当状语从句与主句主语不一致的情况下,且状语从句的主语为名词或代词时,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、方式或结果的状语从句可以改写成独立主格结构。

例如:(1)If time permits, we will visit more places of interest here.可改为: Time permitting, we will visit more places of interest here.

(2)When it had been done, we left for Beijing.可改为:When it done, we left for Beijing.

(3)If the gymnasium isnt completed on time, we will have to put off the sports meeting. 可改为:If the gymnasium not being completed on time, we will put off the sports meeting.

综上所述,分词应用于独立主格的形式应为: n./pron. +(not)done/doing.

3. 如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语不一致,且该状语从句表示地点、目的、让步或比较等时,必须用完整的状语从句。

例如:(1)Where there is a will, there is a way.(表原因)

(2)I got up early so that I could catch the early bus.(表目的)

(3)I will never give up my dream however difficult it is.(表让步)

(4)You play basketball better than I(do).(表比较)

三、分词作状语的分类

1. 作时间状语。如:Hearing the good news, we all jumped with joy.

2. 作原因状语。如:Not knowing which road to take, we stopped to look at the map.

3. 作结果状语。如:Marry stayed up too late last night and got up late this morning, missing the first bus.

4. 作條件状语。如:Seen from the hill, our school looks like a garden.

5. 作伴随状语。如:He kept looking at her, wondering whether he had seen her somewhere.

因此,正确应用分词作状语的前提是要熟练掌握句子成分,清楚判断出状语部分。熟练掌握几种常见的状语从句,能够判断出从句谓语动词和主句主语的逻辑关系(即主动或被动),能判断出从句谓语动词和主句谓语动词发生时间的先后顺序(即进行或完成)。

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