英汉句子中词序对比

2018-11-28 09:09陈德彰
英语世界 2018年11期
关键词:英译主语译文

文/陈德彰

词序也是一个涉及语法的问题。有时候虽然语法没有错,但句子的词序安排不好会影响理解。

英汉句子中的词序往往不一样,其实这体现出两种不同的思维方式。

一般而言,汉语先进行铺陈,说明条件、原因、背景等,然后再说结果或其他重要信息。犹如中国传统戏剧中,在重要人物出场前先有几个跑龙套的角色出场。比如京剧中包拯出场前,先有四个普通护卫出场,然后是张龙、赵虎,后面是大侠展昭,最后才是包拯迈着官步踱出来亮相。可是英语句子往往开门见山,先说结果等重要的信息,把条件等放在后面。莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》,大幕一拉开,主人公哈姆雷特王子就直接上场,前面没有跑龙套的。而且哈姆雷特一开口就直奔主题:To be or not to be;that is the question.这一差别在绘画上也有反映。中国传统画先勾勒出整体轮廓,然后再画细部,体现出 “画龙点睛”的过程。而西方传统的油画,画家在落笔之前先要定下一个焦点,然后由此扩展,画出三维的形象,可以说是“点睛画龙”。还有人说,英语句子像建筑,结构严谨,而汉语句子像行云流水。

因为我们的母语是汉语,而英语是后来才学到的一门外语,所以汉译英更难。先看几个译例。

原文:当天晚上,一家人为了筹借路费的问题,没有好好睡觉,只是唉声叹气。

译文:Sighing and groaning as they discussed ways and means,they hardly slept at all that night.

把原文最后部分处理成-ing分词短语置于句首,增加了句子的生动性。

英语句子常由特定的局部信息慢慢扩展到整体,汉语则相反,或按逻辑顺序,或按时间顺序。试比较下列译例:

原文:我们正在上课,有人突然冲了近来。

译文1:When we were having a class suddently someone rushed in.

译文2:We were having a class when someone rushed in.

多数中国学生会选择译为译文1,句子的词序和原文一样,语法也没有问题,但是给人以平铺直叙的感觉。译文2采用不同的词序,但是仔细琢磨,虽然省译了“突然”一词,其效果却更突出。

译文3:When someone suddenly rushed in we were having a class.

译文4:Someone suddenly rushed in when we were having a class.

这是笔者在学生翻译作业中见到的另外两种译法。译文3显然更让人感到索然无味,译文4要好得多,但仍没有译文2生动。

由于英语多用形合,句子结构严谨,句子主要成分不能缺(在上下文清楚的情况下可有省略),由于有各种有形的标志,相对而言词序也比较灵活,而汉语是典型的意合语言,词序和助词是汉语语法的两大要素,不但句子内部松散,基本依靠上下文组织意思,句子的任何部分也都可以缺少,无主句(不是省略,有时候无法补出逻辑主语来)在汉语中用的很多。此外,汉语常用流水句,各个小句之间也靠意思串起来,从而产生一种朦胧美。为此,语言学家们一致认为汉语是世界上最难的语言。翻译时往往需要对全句或局部进行词序调整,故而产生了顺译和逆译。进一步说还包括调整句式,即句型转换,乃至断句或合句。

英语句子大多按照“主+谓+宾”顺序排列,有语言学家称之为“主语句”,即主语驾驭全句,主语必须是名词(包括名词短语和名词从句),谓语部分的格、时态、语态等都有明确标识,这就使英语的句型有限。而汉语被称为“主题句”,句子由“主题+述题”构成,而这两个部分可由各类单词、短语乃至小句构成,因此句型相对众多。曾有学者归纳出汉语有100多种句式,如“被字句”“把字句”都被认为是典型的句型。

但是,有时一句汉语译成英语时采用不同的句型。这就是说,翻译首先是尽可能传达出原文的意思,形式是为意义服务的。例如“哀莫大于心死”就可译为下列不同的句型:

1.There is no grief so great as despair.(存在句)

2.Thre is no vulture like despair.(存在句)

3.Nothing is more lamentable than a dead heart.(比较句)

4.Nothing gives so much cause for sorrow as the death of one’s heart.(无灵主语句)

我们来看看英译汉的一个句例。原文是第一次来华访问的一位外国朋友对中方接待人员讲的话:

原文:The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought,to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people.

译文:这次访问使我有机会亲眼看到中国人民所取得的成就,这是我向往已久的事了。

经过适当的词序调整,译文不但意思清楚,而且更符合汉语的表达习惯。句子开头部分的无灵主语(无人称主语)也处理得比较好。

再看一个汉译英的例子。

原文:我们认为,中美两国之间存在分歧是正常的,但这不影响两国之间建立合作共赢的新的大国关系,这才是符合时代潮流的。

译文:We believe that it is normal that there exist differences between China and the United States,however,this shoud not affect the two countries establishing a new type of cooperation and win-win relationship between major countries,which is in accordance with the trend of our times.

首先,译文采用了一个英语句子里常用的先行主语,最后一个小句则处理成一个非限制性关系从句,这就使得译文句子结构严谨。

原文:爱人者人恒爱之,敬人者人恒敬之。

译文:He who loves is loved,and he who respects is respected.

这一句英译为限制性关系从句,这是汉译英时常用的方法,注意“人恒爱/敬之”处理成被动语态使句子很简练。

因为英汉表达不一样,有时调整词序是为了实现视角的转换。请看下面三例:

原文:History has never been kind to this place.

译文:这个地方历来多灾多难。

原文:酒吧里只有三个顾客还没有走。

译文:Only three customers remained in the bar.

原文:安不可忘危,治不可忘乱。

译文:Never relax your vigilance while you live in peace,and never be unprepared for possible rebellion while the country has a good public order.

每个句子都有信息焦点、已知信息、新信息、指代、照应和连贯。句子内有意群,句子还有句群,所以,补偿、加注都是翻译时常用的手段。例如,汉语的流水句可能有几个小句,由于意思连贯,英译时常需整合,译为一句。

原文:西望夏口,东望武昌,山川相缪,郁乎苍苍。

译文:A host of grey mountains and rivers interwined between Xiakou in the west and Wuchang in the east.

原文:孟子曰:“鱼,我所欲也;熊掌,亦我所欲也。二者不可兼得,舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生,我所欲也;义,亦我所欲也。二者不可兼得,舍生而取义者也。”

译文:Mencius said,“I like fish and I also like bear’s paws.If I cannot have the two together,I will let the fish go and take the bear’s paws.In a similar way,I like life,and I also like righteousness.If I cannot have the two together,I will give up my life to preserve righteousness.”

下例中原文有三个流水句,英译时不但要整合译文的句子结构,要设法将原文中语言的层次再现出来。刘宓庆先生说过,汉语的流水句不管多长,也不管由几个小句构成,但都有一个意念主轴。所以,翻译流水句时必须抓住这一主轴。

原文:午后便步行至鹊华桥,雇了一只小船,荡起双桨。朝北不远,便到了历下亭前。上岸进去,入了大门,便是一个亭子,油漆已大半剥蚀完了。亭上还悬着一幅对联,写的是:“历下此古亭,济南名士多。”(刘鄂《老残游记》)

译文:After lunch he walked to the Sparrow Flower Bridge where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north.Soon he reached the Li Hsia pavilion.Then he stepped ashore and went in,and when he entered the gate he saw a pavilion,the paint of which was practically all worn away,and on it were hanging two scrolls on which was written: “The Pavilion is ancient as history;many are the scholars of Tsinan.”

英语句子常含有无灵主语,汉语则通常以人称主语为多,英译汉时也是一种词序调整。

原文:His persistent questions finally goaded me into an angry reply.

译文:他没完没了地问,惹得我生气,就没好气地回答了他。

原文:Nine o’clock found him still lying in bed.

译文:九点钟了,他还躺在床上。

原文:1848 witnessed another revolutionary upsurge in Europe.

译文:1848年欧洲又掀起了一场革命浪潮。

反过来,汉译英时也要注意进行适当调整。

原文:一想到可能被父亲发现,他突然感到极度恐惧。

译文:The thought of being discovered by his father suddenly filled him with great fear.

原文:于是,暮色中匆匆的人群里,总有我赶着回家的身影。

译文:Thus the gathering darkness often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd.

汉语意合句英译时加上必要的词使之成为形合句,这在古文英译时更需要把握好。下面是一组例句。

原文:和羹之美,在于合异。

译文:Delicious soup is made by combining different ingredients.

原文:己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人。

译文:While achieving one’s own success,he should also help others achieve success.

原文:小智治事,大智治制。

译文:People with petty shrewdness attend to trivial matters,while people with vision attend to governance of institutions.

原文:穷则独善其身,达则兼善天下。

译文:One should set a high standard for himself when in poverty,and contribute to the wellbeing of all when prosperous.

原文:靡不有初,鲜克有终。

译文:Many can make a good start,but few can work hard enough to achieve success.

原文:民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。

译文:The essence of a state is the people,next come the god of land and the god of grain (which stand for state power),and the last the ruler.

原文:水能载舟,亦能覆舟。

译文:Just as water can float a boat,so can water overturn it.

有时不但要将汉语意合句改成英语形合句,还调整词序,将原因放到末尾。

原文:海纳百川,有容乃大。

译文:The ocean is vast because it admits all rivers.

原文:积力之所举,则无不胜也;众智之所为,则无不成也。

译文:Victory is ensured when people pool their strength;success is secured when people put their heads together.

原文:大道之行也,天下为公。

译文:A just cause should be pursued for common good./ The noblest ideal is to create a world truly shared by all.

下面一例采用了两种处理,第一句采用关系从句,而后一句采用调整词序的条件句。两句之间加上in this case则使得两句的意思成为一体。可见形合不仅体现在句内,也体现在句子之间。

原文:古之欲明明德于天下者,先治其国。欲治其国者,先齐其家。欲齐其家者,先修其身。

译文:The ancients,who wished to promote illustrious virtue under heaven,first had to rule their own states well.In this case,they had to manage their fiefdoms well first and had to cultivate themselves first if they wish to manage their fiefdoms well.

请注意下面译文中的合句和断句的处理。

原文:皇祖有训:民可近,不可下。民惟邦本,本固邦宁。

译文:Our ancestor Yu the Great warned: (a ruler)must maintain a close relationship with the people;he must not regard them as insignificant.They are the foundation of a state,and a state can enjoy peace only when its foundation is firm.

由于古汉语是文言,语言可谓浓缩,英译时要适当加以解释。

原文:桃李不言,下自成蹊。

译文:The peach and the plum do not speak,yet a path is worn beneath them.

可加解释:A man of true worth attracts admiration.

原文:图穷匕首见。

译文:A dagger was revealed when the map was unrolled.

其实,词序也涉及说话的礼貌。比如中国人常说“有空前来我家看看”。采取顺译:When you have time,please come to my place and have a look.这样译会让人觉得不是真心邀请,对方必须在“有时间”时才欢迎来。倒过来采取逆译:Please come to my place and have a look when you have time / at your convenience.这样口气就缓和得多,不但显得有诚意,而且没有强加于人的意思,对方即使有时间也不一定要来。再请看下面两例译例,体会两种词序表达出来不同的口气。

原文:要是我是你,我就不会答应。

译文:I would not promise if I were you.

原文:我可以说,他确实没有礼貌。

译文:He’s kind of impolite,if I may say so.□

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