三种常用虚拟语气模式

2019-04-17 01:04徐鸿鸣
高中生·天天向上 2019年4期
关键词:原形虚拟语气主句

徐鸿鸣

虚拟语气的用法具体体现在句中谓语动词形式的变化上,从这一角度讲,虚拟语气有三种模式。

一、if型

1.用于三种时态中

if型虚拟语气指的是用于含if条件句的复合句中的虚拟语气,这也是虚拟语气最典型的句型结构。分别用于表示与现在、过去和将来事实相反的复合结构中,其主從句的谓语形式相信是老师讲得很多的了,你能列出来吗?

其中在与将来事实相反的虚拟语气中,if从句的谓语动词可以使用过去式were to do和should+动词原形,主句用would/might/could/should +动词原形(当从句使用should+动词原形时,主句不用should,一般都采用would+动词原形)。

They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometers.

If we had caught the flight yesterday,we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach.

So even if emissions were to begin to decrease,we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change.

What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured(捕捉) and frozen on some strangers bedroom wall?

If he should see me,he would tell me.

2.if型虚拟语气的三种特殊结构

(1)混合

混合型虚拟语气指的是if引导的状语从句和主句中的谓语动词所发生的时间不同步,出现错综状况。此时主从句的谓语动词形式应根据各自所发生的时间做相应的调整。

If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back,but no luck.

上句出自2017年高考全国卷一阅读理解B篇。if从句中谓语动词表示的是作者本身不具备放巢穴的能力(现在和当时都不具备),故从句使用了could,而主句表示当时本来会把它放回去,却没有。与过去事实相反,主句的谓语动词用would/might等+have done形式。

If it had not been for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.

从句中谓语动词表示过去如果没有他的邀请,使用过去完成时,而主句表示的是现在就不会在这里了,是与现在事实相反,主句的谓语动词应使用would/might/should/could+动词原形。

(2)隐含

隐含性虚拟语气指的是句中没有出现明显的由if引导的条件状语从句,而是用一些副词、介词短语或连词等形式来替代,如without,but for,otherwise,or,but等。

Without his support,we wouldnt be where we are now.

(3)倒装

在if型虚拟语气中,若从句中将were,had,should提至句首,从句部分应使用倒装语序,去掉if,保留其他部分。

Were it not for the support of the teachers,the student could not overcome her difficulty.

if it were not for...意为“要不是”,是一种专用虚拟语气的句型。当were提至句首,从句要倒装,同时省略if,保留其余部分,故结构变成了Were it not for...

二、should型

should型虚拟语气是指在一些需使用虚拟语气的结构中使用should+动词原形的形式,多数情况下should可省略。常用于下列三种结构中:

1.“一二三四”

“一二三四”,即一“坚持”(insist),二“命令”(order,command),三“建议”(suggest,advise,propose),四“要求”(demand,require,request,desire)。

这四类动词后所接的宾语从句或改成It is suggested/ordered...后所接的主语从句,以及这些词变为名词(如order,command,suggestion,advice,proposal,desire,requirement,demand等)后所接的同位语从句、表语从句中皆应使用should+动词原形(should可省略)。

I recommend that you find your way in style.

insist和suggest,如果不表示“坚持某人应该做某事”或“建议某人应该做某事”,而当insist表示坚持认为某种事实或者suggest表示“暗示,说明”时,其后的从句中不用虚拟语气。

Mike insisted what he saw was a wolf and that we should stay far away from the valley.

2.It is necessary/important/vital/strange...that...或It is a pity/shame that...

在该结构中应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词形式使用should+动词原形(should可省略)。如果是对过去所发生的事情感到特别震惊或惋惜,可使用should have done,但是在It is a pity/shame that...结构中,如果只是表示一种遗憾或惋惜的心情,不带“竟然/居然”的语气,也可不用虚拟语气。

Its strange that he should have taken the books without the owners permission.

It is a pity/ shame that I have lost the book I bought last week.

3.It is (about/high) time that...

这种结构较为特殊,表示该做某事的时候到了,但还没做,故也用虚拟语气,句中谓语动词使用虚拟语气时有两种形式,即should +动词原形(should不可省略),也可使用were。表示与现在事实相反时,动词用一般过去时;与过去事实相反,动词使用过去完成时,此时结构变为It was time that...

It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life,you would achieve a little.

Jacks father told him it was time that he had gone to sleep.

三、were型

were型虚拟语气指在使用虚拟语气的特殊句型中,当表示与现在事实相反时,谓语动词用一般过去时,若是be,一律使用were;如果表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词则用过去完成时。were型虚拟语气常用于以下三种结构中:

1.wish引导的宾语从句

表示“但愿……”,一般指不能实现的愿望或已经过去但没能成为现实的情况。当表示与现在事实相反时,从句中使用过去时(be动词一律用were);与过去事实相反时,从句用过去完成时;与将来事实相反时,从句用would+动词原形。

I wish I had been at my sisters wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.

根据句中的last Tuesday。可知此句表示上星期二没有参加姐姐的婚礼,但希望是能去的,故使用虚拟语气。在wish引导的虚拟语气中,表示与过去事实相反时,应使用过去完成时。

2.as if/though引导的从句

在as if/though引导的从句中,若表示某事发生的可能性几乎没有,使用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词使用一般过去时;与过去事实相反,谓语动词使用过去完成时。但若表达的情况是事实时,則不用虚拟语气。

When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.

The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother.

3.would rather引导的句子

would rather引导的简单句中,表示“宁可,本希望”时,也应使用虚拟语气。当表示与现在事实或将来事实相反时,谓语动词皆使用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反时,谓语动词使用过去完成时。

I would rather you had told him the news two days later,by which time he had finished the exam.

How can I do so much work on my own. I would rather I were still in my hometown.

(责任编校 周丹)

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