极端条件下异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌脱氮的研究进展

2019-07-10 08:39袁建华赵天涛彭绪亚
生物工程学报 2019年6期
关键词:异养硝化氨氮

袁建华,赵天涛,2,彭绪亚



极端条件下异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌脱氮的研究进展

袁建华1,赵天涛1,2,彭绪亚1

1 重庆大学 城市建设与环境工程学院,重庆 400045 2 重庆理工大学 化学化工学院,重庆 400054

异养硝化-好氧反硝化 (HN-AD) 是对传统自养硝化异养反硝化理论的丰富与突破。HN-AD菌在好氧条件下可快速实现氨氮、硝态氮 (NO3–-N)、亚硝态氮 (NO2–-N) 三氮同步脱除。它们不仅具有分布范围广、适应能力强、代谢通路特殊等特点,而且还具有世代时间短、脱氮速率快、高活性持久等独特优势,在高盐、低温、高氨氮等极端条件表现出了巨大的脱氮潜力,因此在废水生物脱氮领域受到广泛关注。文中在介绍HN-AD菌属类别及代谢机理的基础上,重点总结了在高盐、低温、高氨氮等极端条件下进行氨氮脱除的HN-AD种属,系统分析了它们在极端条件下的脱氮特性及潜力,并简述了HN-AD菌在极端条件下的工艺应用研究进展,最后展望了HN-AD脱氮技术的应用前景和研究方向。

异养硝化-好氧反硝化,代谢机理,极端条件,生物脱氮

氨氮超标排放会导致水体黑臭及富营养化,不仅对鱼类及水生生物产生毒害作用,而且严重危害生态平衡及人体健康[1]。传统生物脱氮技术具有条件温和、处理成本低、二次污染小等优势,但随着污水排放标准提高,传统生物脱氮技术已无法满足可持续发展需求[2-3]。尤其在应对极端条件废水处理时,该类技术暴露出生物活性低、反应速度慢、处理效果差等技术瓶颈[4]。常见极端条件主要包括高盐、低温、高氨氮等。高盐废水通常是指盐度超过1%的废水,过高的盐度会引起细胞酶活降低,丧失脱氮功能[5];低温条件在我国比较普遍,很多废水处理设施处于高海拔、高纬度的低温地区,当温度每降低10 ℃时,会导致脱氮微生物的酶促反应速率降低1–2倍[6];高氨氮废水是指氨氮浓度超过300 mg/L的废水,污泥脱水液、厌氧消化液、垃圾浓缩液等都属于此类废水。高浓度的游离氨对硝化菌具有强抑制和高毒害作用,现有工艺多采用投加酸碱等化学试剂进行控制,易造成废水处理费用高昂、二次污染等问题[7]。应对这些极端条件,开发经济高效的新型生物脱氮技术一直是该领域的研究热点。

1983年,Robertson等从脱硫脱硝废水中首次分离得到了异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD) 菌株泛养副球菌,它主要包括氨单加氧酶(AMO)、羟胺氧化酶(HAO)、硝酸还原酶(NAR) 等功能酶[8]。HN-AD菌属在好氧条件下可快速将氨氮、硝态氮(NO3–-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2–-N) 转化为含氮气体,整个代谢过程几乎没有NO3–-N和NO2–-N积累[9]。研究者已筛选得到了约20个属近100多种具有HN-AD代谢特性的菌株,这些菌株来源于土壤、污泥、水体以及火山口、盐碱地等环境中[10]。随着对HN-AD的深入研究,科研人员惊喜地发现HN-AD菌具有环境适应能力强、污染物耐受浓度高等优点。如Lei等得到的台湾佐氏DN-7耐受最高氨氮浓度可达2 000 mg/L[11];Duan等筛选的嗜盐弧菌SF16在盐度为5%时,对120 mg/L的氨氮去除率达到了92.1%,总氮(TN)去除率达到了73.9%[12];Yao等分离的不动杆菌sp. HA2在温度低至10 ℃时,可将80 mg/L的氨氮和TN都100%去除[13]。除此之外,HN-AD菌属还具有世代时间短、脱氮速率快、高活性持久等优势,这使其在极端条件废水处理领域表现出了巨大的应用潜力[14]。这些研究从菌属种类、脱氮能力及机理方面对HN-AD菌的特性进行了初步探索,然而关于HN-AD菌在极端条件下脱氮的关键基因和代谢机制的解析还不全面,不同极端条件下的菌种投加方式、碳源选取类型、工艺优化参数等尚未完全阐明。系统归纳HN-AD菌属在极端条件的脱氮进展将有助于丰富HN-AD脱氮理论和推进HN-AD脱氮工艺的研发,而目前此类综述鲜有报道。

据此,文中对极端条件下具有脱氮性能的HN-AD菌属开展广泛调研,系统总结国内外关于HN-AD菌属在高盐、低温、高氨氮等极端条件脱氮的研究成果,对比分析不同HN-AD菌属的耐受程度及脱氮特性;并结合课题组在HN-AD菌属筛选及脱氮研究方面的进展,考察该类菌属在极端条件下的应用效果;最后对HN-AD脱氮技术工程的应用前景及研究方向进行了展望。以期为HN-AD菌属进行极端条件下废水氨氮的生物脱除提供理论依据和技术支撑。

1 HN-AD菌属及代谢特性

自1983年Robertson等首次分离得到了异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD) 菌株[8](曾用名)以来,目前,约20多个属的HN-AD菌株被分离出来,主要有产碱菌属、假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、不动杆菌属等。表1对近十年不同种属菌株的来源、碳源、碳氮比(C/N) 等进行了总结。归纳菌株的来源,发现HN-AD菌除了存在于土壤、污泥、废水中,还存在于火山岩浆、盐碱湿地、低温冻土等极端环境中[10],由此表明HN-AD菌不仅分布广泛,而且对极端环境具有耐受能力;分析所需的碳源,可知HN-AD菌属能快速利用葡萄糖和蔗糖等易吸收的糖类碳源,也能利用柠檬酸钠、琥珀酸钠、丁二酸钠等非糖类碳源。总体上,不同种属的HN-AD菌对碳源呈现出一定的选择性[15];对于C/N,HN-AD菌属的适应范围较宽,通常在6–20之间,多数菌株需求的C/N在10左右,少数菌株能耐受C/N≤5的贫营养条件[16]。

研究者不但开展了大量HN-AD菌种的分离工作,而且对HN-AD的关键酶和代谢特性也进行了深入研究。1998年Richardson 等[17]发现HN-AD脱氮过程的关键酶主要包括氨单加氧酶(AMO)、羟胺氧化酶(HAO)、周质硝酸盐还原酶(NAP)、亚硝酸还原酶(NIR)、一氧化氮还原酶(NOR) 和一氧化二氮还原酶(NOS),接着又提出了目前国内外公认的脱氮代谢途径,如图1所示,首先氨在AMO的作用下氧化生成羟胺,然后羟胺在HAO的作用下生成亚硝酸盐,最后亚硝酸盐或硝酸盐在NIR、NOR、NOS的还原作用下分别生成NO、N2O和N2,整个脱氮过程基本没有NO3–-N和NO2–-N的积累。

表1 典型HN-AD菌及其脱氮特性

图1 HN-AD脱氮代谢途径[17]

随后,许多学者对HN-AD提出了不同的代谢模型,其中以Wehrfritz等[18]提出的偶联模型最具代表性。如图2所示,该模型以亚硝酸盐作为硝化反硝化偶联的分节点,异养硝化时羟胺被氧化为NO2–,所产生的电子直接传递给反硝化酶系的电子供体细胞色素c550,通过细胞色素c550先将电子传递给NIR、NOR、NOS,最后将电子传递给细胞色素aa3氧化酶将氧还原为水。异养硝化是指微生物利用有机物作为碳源同时将氨氮转化为羟胺、亚硝态氮、硝态氮等;好氧反硝化是指微生物在有氧气和碳源存在的条件下,利用O2和NO2–-N等作为电子受体进行的呼吸作用。HN-AD菌属特殊的代谢通路实现了硝化和反硝化在异养和好氧的条件下同时发生,打破了传统硝化反硝化必须分隔以及反硝化必须在缺氧条件下进行的限制,是对传统硝化反硝化理论的丰富和突破[19]。

总体上,HN-AD菌表现出了分布范围广、适应能力强、代谢通路特殊等特点。深入调研发现HN-AD菌属还具有世代时间短、脱氮速率快、高活性持久等独特优势,这使其在应对极端条件时具备了较高的耐受性,文中从高盐、低温、高氨氮等方面对耐受极端条件的HN-AD菌属进行了总结。

图2 HN-AD偶联机理模型[18]

2 极端环境HN-AD菌属脱氮研究现状

2.1 高盐环境下HN-AD脱氮

高盐废水一般是指总含盐量大于1%的废水,含有较高浓度的Cl–、SO42–、Na+、Ca2+等无机离子[38]。高盐废水来源广泛,主要包括印染、腌制、造纸等化工生产以及海水直接利用过程产生的废水[39]。我国高盐废水总量巨大,约占废水总量的5%,并每年以2%的速率增长[5]。生物法开始逐渐应用于高盐含氮废水处理,然而普通微生物处理高盐废水时由于盐度过高一直存在处理系统菌群数量减少、有机物和氨氮去除率降低、出水悬浮物浓度大等诸多问题[40-41],所以筛选耐盐、嗜盐的脱氮功能微生物逐渐成为高盐含氮废水处理领域研究的热点。

研究者在分离耐盐、嗜盐脱氮功能微生物的过程中,发现许多HN-AD菌同时表现出了耐盐和脱氮的性能。如Duan等[12]从海洋沉积物中筛选出一株嗜盐弧菌SF16在盐度为5%、氨氮浓度为120 mg/L的条件下,培养48 h后氨氮去除率达到了92.1%,TN去除率达到了73.9%;Chen等[23]研究的嗜水气单胞菌sp. HN-02在盐度为2%的条件下仍表现出较强的氨氮和TN去除能力,氨氮平均去除速率达30 mg/(L·h),24 h内TN去除率达到了80.8%,且1%的盐度对氨氮的去除基本没有影响;曲洋等[42]分离的假单胞菌qy18和盐单胞菌gs2的适宜生长盐度范围分别为0–4%和2%–10%,在48 h内菌株qy18和菌株gs2的氨氮去除率分别为98.5%和96.1%,TN去除率分别达到了83.6%和81.5%,最大氨氮去除速率分别为5.8 mg/(L·h) 和5.5 mg/(L·h),两株菌在高盐度条件下可同时利用有机碳源和氨氮为底物进行硝化反应和同步脱氮。

根据不同菌属的耐盐能力差异,目前将耐受盐度小于3%的细菌定义为耐盐菌,在3%–15%之间的细菌称为中度嗜盐菌,大于15%的细菌称为极端嗜盐菌[43],表2根据HN-AD菌属的耐盐能力对其进行了分类。由表2可知,耐盐HN-AD菌属主要来源于海洋、盐场底泥、腌制废水等含盐环境,其耐盐和脱氮能力受分离场地影响较大,如从排污淤泥中筛选的施氏假单胞菌A-13耐受的盐浓度达到了10%,且对初始浓度分别为620 mg/L、570 mg/L、545 mg/L的NO3–-N、NO2–-N、氨氮去除率分别达到了99.7%、90.7%和67.7%,最高TN去除率达到了80.8%[44],而从生活废水中获得的甲养芽孢杆菌L7耐盐浓度仅为3.5%,最大氨氮去除率为83.4%,最大NO2–-N去除速率为5.81 mg/(L·d)[45]。HN-AD菌的耐盐浓度范围通常在5%–10%之间,属于中度嗜盐菌,某些特殊菌种能耐受超过10%的盐度,如盐田盐单胞菌ha3[46],能够耐受20%的高盐度,其最大NO3–-N去除速率达到了87.5 mg/(L·h),与其他HN-AD菌株不同,它的最适pH为9.0,除了嗜盐,还表现出一定的嗜碱性。HN-AD菌属耐盐脱氮的特性,克服了高盐对传统生物处理过程的限制,同时解决了传统微生物耐盐不脱氮、脱氮不耐盐的矛盾[47],未来在海鲜加工、水产养殖、腌制等高盐废水脱氮处理方面具有较大的应用价值。

表2 具有耐盐性能的HN-AD菌

2.2 低温条件下HN-AD脱氮

常规脱氮菌株的最适温度范围为28–37 ℃,当温度每降低10℃,脱氮微生物的总量和酶活均受到严重影响,污染物降解效率降低1–2倍[6]。为了解决常规脱氮微生物无法耐受低温这一难题,分离在低温条件下具有高效脱氮功能的菌株越发受到研究与工程技术人员的关注[51-52]。

近年来,HN-AD菌属在低温条件下的脱氮潜能逐渐被挖掘。表3根据耐低温程度对脱氮HN-AD菌株进行了总结。HN-AD菌属耐受低温的范围为2–15 ℃,其中耐受5–10℃的菌株较多,它们在低温条件下仍保持了较高的脱氮速率。如Yao等[13]筛选的不动杆菌sp. HA2在10 ℃下,氨氮脱除速率可达到3 mg/(L·h),TN去除率达到了100%;恶臭假单胞菌Y-12[53]在15 ℃时,4 d后能将初始氨氮浓度为208.1 mg/L脱除到2.4 mg/L,氨氮去除率达到98.8%,TN去除率平均达到75.5% 以上;拟南芥假单胞菌AN-1[54]在10 ℃时,氨氮、NO3–-N、NO2–-N脱除效率分别可达到1.6 mg/(L·h)、1.5 mg/(L·h)和0.69 mg/(L·h);从松花江分离的微杆菌属sp. SFA13在温度为5 ℃、初始氨氮浓度为61.6 mg/L时,氨氮和NO3–-N的脱除速率最高分别达到了1.6 mg/(L·h)和0.24 mg/(L·h)[55]。课题组分离的HN-AD菌株TAC-1,在5 ℃的低温条件下、能将浓度为400 mg/L的氨氮快速脱除,去除速率达到了3.7 mg/(L·h),同时TN去除率达到了79.5%。归纳发现耐冷HN-AD菌属在5–10 ℃时,氨氮平均脱除速率为2–3 mg/(L·h),在10–15 ℃时通常为4–6 mg/(L·h),可见HN-AD菌属在低温条件下的脱氮速率在一定范围内随温度的升高而升高。总体而言,这些耐冷HN-AD菌株不仅在低温条件下进行正常的生长代谢,而且实现了氨氮和总氮的高效脱除,足以体现其具有应用于低温废水脱氮的潜能。

为了适应低温环境,耐冷微生物通常会通过改变脂类组成来调节膜的流动性以适应温度变化,同时,它们还会生成冷休克蛋白和冷适应酶来应对低温环境[56];与传统分子机制不同的是,HN-AD菌在低温条件下还会产生较多的抗氧化酶以保护机体免受超氧阴离子、过氧化氢、OH自由基造成的损伤[57];大多数HN-AD菌对C/N的需求较高,多数菌株需求的C/N在10左右。在高浓度有机碳环境下,菌体自身好氧代谢会大量产热,热量一部分用于细胞合成和代谢,多余部分则以热的形式散发,其表现在宏观上使得外界温度升高[58-59];此外,当外界温度较低时,活性污泥和生物膜会调整自身的代谢产热系统,在相应减少细胞合成的同时,将大量ATP转化为热量,用于平衡和调节胞内和外界温度,以此相对提升自身的低温适应能力[60]。现有研究表明HN-AD菌属具有独特的耐冷机制,但基于HN-AD菌属细胞水平和基因水平的耐冷机制研究还较少,详细的代谢机理和关键基因还有待进一步确定。

表3 低温条件下脱氮的HN-AD菌

2.3 高氨氮条件下HN-AD脱氮

目前,国内外处理高氨氮废水的主要方法分为物化法、生物法、物化-生物联合法,对于污泥脱水液、厌氧消化液、焦化废液等可生化性差、氨氮浓度极高的废水,通常采用折点加氯、气提吹脱和离子交换等物化法进行处理[65];对于氨氮浓度在500–1 500 mg/L左右的废水,常采用物化-生物等多工艺联合进行处理,但物化法作为前端处理此类废水时普遍存在运行费用昂贵的缺点。传统生物脱氮技术易受游离氨影响,处理废水的氨氮浓度不宜超过300 mg/L,虽然游离氨的控制技术已比较成熟,但脱氮过程中大量碱度的消耗及曝气等电耗同样导致处理成本高昂,所以目前利用传统微生物进行高氨氮废水的处理仍然存在瓶颈[66-67]。因此,筛选对高氨氮具有耐受和脱除能力的功能微生物是未来处理此类废水的研究方向[68]。

HN-AD菌属能够在好氧和高C/N条件下快速脱氮,一方面是因为体系中充足的氧气及时补充了脱氮所需的电子受体;另一方面,高C/N保证了消耗碱度的及时补充,为脱氮提供了稳定的条件。HN-AD菌的这些生长特性使其在耐受高氨氮方面展现出了独特的优势[10]。表4对可耐受和脱除高氨氮的HN-AD菌属进行了总结。如丛毛单胞菌WXZ-17[69]可耐受初始浓度为817 mg/L的氨氮,氨氮和TN去除率分别达到了36.1%和26.3%;Shoda等[70]利用菌株产碱杆菌No.4去除初始氨氮浓度约1 000 mg/L的硝化污泥,24 h内氨氮可彻底去除,平均氨氮去除速率达到了121 mg/(L·h),反硝化率达到了76.2%。对比可发现,不同种属的HN-AD菌株对氨氮的耐受程度及脱氮效果不同,如从活性污泥中筛选的镰刀菌sp. A60[71]可耐受的初始氨氮浓度为800 mg/L,氨氮和TN去除率分别达到92%和88.4%,而从活性污泥中分离的不动杆菌sp. Y1[72]耐受的初始氨氮浓度却能达到1 600 mg/L,同时对初始浓度为108.2 mg/L的氨氮去除率达到了98.8%,TN去除率达到了90.9%。此外,同属不同种的HN-AD菌的氨氮和TN脱除能力也存在差异,如不动杆菌spTN-14[73]和不动杆菌spSQ2[74]处理初始浓度约为600 mg/L的氨氮时,氨氮去除率分别为65.7%和97.8%,TN去除率分别为64.8%和73.2%。

通过对HN-AD菌属耐受高氨氮机制的解析,发现上述菌株具备高氨氮脱除的特性与其代谢通路和生存环境具有密切关系。一方面,HN-AD菌属可实现氨氮、NO3–-N、NO2–-N三氮的同步脱除,不仅缩短了脱氮周期,而且降低了NO2–-N积累对菌体产生的毒害作用[9];另一方面,HN-AD菌属属于异养需氧型微生物,氧气和基质的供应不仅加速了细胞的增殖分化,使其快速将氨氮同化为细胞成分,而且使细胞保持了较高的脱氮酶活性,从酶活层面加速了高氨氮的脱除[75]。

表4 脱除高浓度氨氮的HN-AD菌

2.4 其他极端环境下HN-AD的脱氮研究

HN-AD菌除了能耐受高盐、低温、高浓度氨氮等极端条件,还能耐受贫营养、过量重金属、强碱等其他极端条件。如Su等[78]筛选的不动杆菌sp. SYF26在C/N为4.5时,氨氮去除率可达到93.6%;动胶菌属sp. N299在C/N为1.1的条件下,TN去除率可达到46.4%[79]。C/N决定了反硝化电子供体的丰富度,在低C/N比条件下,普通脱氮菌株因为体系电子供体不足,脱氮速率通常不同程度降低,而部分HN-AD菌株在电子供体不足的条件下仍能保持较好的脱氮活性,充分展现了其耐受贫营养的优势,未来将有望应用于地下水污水、水库水源污染等微污染水源的治理[80-81]。重金属元素是微生物生长活动代谢过程中必不可少的微量元素,微量金属离子对微生物的酶活具有一定的促进作用,但过量的重金属对微生物具有毒性[82]。研究发现一些HN-AD菌属对过量重金属也表现出了耐受能力,如王瑶等[83]发现粪产碱杆菌C16能够耐受≥22.4 mg/L的Fe2+;He等[84]分离的铜绿假单胞菌PCN-2在好氧条件下能同步还原硝酸盐和5 mg/L的Cr6+。利用微生物对重金属的吸附和积累作用,可以超量吸收转移一种或几种重金属,从而达到减少环境中重金属含量的目的,因此,后续有必要继续开展HN-AD菌株对重金属的吸附和积累研究。此外,少数HN-AD菌株还可在强碱环境下保持活性,如假单胞菌ZPQ2[85]的最适pH为11,表现出明显的嗜碱性,传统自养硝化菌的最适pH为6–8,相较而言,HN-AD菌株具有更加宽泛的pH适应范围[86]。HN-AD菌属在这些极端条件仍能发挥其脱氮功能,这为极端条件下的废水处理提供了新渠道,也极大地拓宽了HN-AD技术的应用范围。

3 极端条件下HN-AD的工艺研究

HN-AD菌属在极端条件下表现出的脱氮潜力使得越来越多的学者开始进行相关菌株的工艺研究。目前工艺研究的主要方式包括与反应器结合、菌株固定化、直接投加于处理系统中等,研究者主要通过简化工艺流程、控制工艺条件、优化工艺过程等来提高脱氮效率。当前极端条件的工艺研究实例主要集中在低温、高温、高盐、高氨氮等。如在低温条件下,Yao等[13]为了解决低温条件下污水处理厂脱氮效率低等问题,将耐寒的HN-AD菌群投加到反应器中进行生物强化,并通过逐渐增加溶解氧浓度,结果不仅缩短了硝化时间,而且成功提高了低温(10 ℃)条件下污水氨氮的去除效率;在高温条件下,杨云龙[87]等将曝气生物滤池与螯台球菌TAD1相结合,考察了菌株在高温下的HN-AD性能,脱氮过程中控制滤池温度为50 ℃,同时优化了溶解氧参数,当以硫酸铵和硝酸钠分别为唯一氮源时,菌株的氨氮和TN去除率在12 h内均达到了100%。又如在高盐条件下,苏兵[12]将嗜盐HN-AD菌株SF16用于牡蛎壳填料曝气生物滤池,控制盐度为3%、C/N为10、pH为7.5–9.5、氨氮浓度为28.1–35.1 mg/L时,氨氮去除率达到了97.1%,TN去除率达到了73.92%;在高氨氮条件下,Joo[88]利用粪产碱杆菌No.4处理氨氮浓度为2 000 mg/L的猪场废水,最大氨氮脱除速率达到了30 mg/(L·h);课题组将前期分离的HN-AD菌株TAC-1以10%的接种量投加于单级三维结构生物转盘(3D-RBC),控制转速为34 r/min、水力停留时间(HRT) 为24 h、进水化学需氧量 (Chemical oxygen demand,COD) 为5 000 mg/L、氨氮浓度为500 mg/L时,氨氮、总氮、COD的去除率分别达到了99.4%、79.5%、85.2%,研究结果也证实了HN-AD菌株进行工艺研究时具有同步脱除高氨氮和COD的效果。HN-AD菌株的工艺研究是未来开发HN-AD生物脱氮技术的必经之路,能为以后开发生物脱氮工艺提供重要的理论参数和实践经验。

4 总结与展望

近20年来,关于HN-AD菌属的研究取得了许多实质性的进展,不仅加深了HN-AD菌属脱氮机理和脱氮特性的认识,而且挖掘了其在极端条件下的脱氮潜力。目前,约20多个属的HN-AD菌株被分离出来,一方面,研究者对其进行了生长特性、脱氮效果及代谢机理等方面的深入研究,发现HN-AD菌除了能耐受高盐、低温、高浓度氨氮等极端条件,还能耐受贫营养、过量重金属、强碱等其他极端条件。HN-AD菌属在这些极端条件仍能发挥其脱氮功能,为极端条件下废水的生物脱氮提供了新途径;另一方面,越来越多的学者开始了极端条件下菌株的工艺研究,主要方式包括结合反应器、菌株固定化、复配脱氮菌剂等,一定程度上拓宽了HN-AD菌的研究范围[8-10]。HN-AD菌属具有生长繁殖快、世代时间短、脱氮效率高等优点,这使其在极端条件废水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景,有望攻克传统处理工艺无法兼顾处理效率与经济适用两方面的瓶颈[15]。

未来,HN-AD菌的研究将主要围绕好氧脱氮技术如何服务工程应用而展开,可能的拓展领域包括以下几方面:1) 系统开展基于培养基优化的菌剂发酵工艺研究,分离筛选在贫营养条件具有高脱氮活性的HN-AD菌株;2) 充分利用多组学测序技术,全面解析HN-AD菌属的特征酶以及功能基因,进一步明晰HN-AD菌种同步脱氮的机理;3) 深入研究HN-AD菌与其他脱氮微生物存在的竞争和融合关系,辨识不同种属间的互利共生作用,筛选适于工程应用的HN-AD功能菌剂;4) 基于现有在单一极端条件下的研究成果,开展HN-AD菌同时在多种极端环境下的脱氮研究,并拓展其在生物除磷中的应用。

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Advances in heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria for nitrogen removal under extreme conditions

Jianhua Yuan1, Tiantao Zhao1,2, and Xuya Peng1

1 College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China 2 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China

Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) is an enrichment and breakthrough theory of traditional autotrophic nitrification heterotrophic denitrification. Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifiers with the feature of wide distribution, strong adaptability and unique metabolic mechanism have many special advantages, including fast-growing, rapid biodegradability and long lasting activity, which can rapidly remove ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen (NO3–-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2–-N) under aerobic conditions simultaneously. Therefore, HN-AD bacteria show the important potential for denitrification under extreme conditions with high-salt, low-temperature or high-ammonia nitrogen environment, and HN-AD bacteria attract extensive attention in the field of biological denitrification of wastewater. In this review, we first introduce the previously reported HN-AD bacterial species which have denitrification performance in the extreme environments and state their typical metabolic mechanism. Then, we systematically analyze the nitrogen removal characteristics and potential under extreme conditions. We also briefly describe the progress in the application of HN-AD bacterial. Finally, we outlook the application prospects and research directions of HN-AD denitrification technology.

heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification, metabolic mechanism, extreme conditions, biological nitrogen removal

October 17, 2018;

March 5, 2019

National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51708077), Social and Livelihood Projects of Chongqing (No. cstc2018jscx-mszd0188).

Tiantao Zhao. Tel/Fax: +86-23-62563225; E-mail: zhaott@cqut.edu.cn

国家自然科学基金 (No. 51708077),重庆市社会民生项目 (No. cstc2018jscx-mszd0188) 资助。

10.13345/j.cjb.180427

袁建华, 赵天涛, 彭绪亚. 极端条件下异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌脱氮的研究进展. 生物工程学报, 2019, 35(6): 942–955.

Yuan JH, Zhao TT, Peng XY. Advances in heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacteria for nitrogen removal under extreme conditions. Chin J Biotech, 2019, 35(6): 942–955.

(本文责编 陈宏宇)

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