瓦西特自然保护区游客中心，沙迦，阿拉伯联合酋长国

建筑设计：X建筑师事务所

1 鸟瞰/Aerial view

瓦西特自然保护区最初是一处废水塘和垃圾堆。2005 年开始对受损的生态系统进行恢复，清理了40,000m2的垃圾，重新种植了35,000 棵树，去除了土地中的有毒化学物，并保护了独特的盐滩和海滨沙丘。作为沙迦环境与保护区管理局清理恢复波斯湾沿岸这条古老的湿地生态链更大规模行动的一部分，瓦西特湿地中心的目标是提供关于这一独特环境的信息和教育，并鼓励对它的保护。

在设计这座游客中心时，我们利用了地段的天然地形，通过让建筑看上去沉入地下，使它的视觉冲击降至最低。游客沿坡道会下到一个斜叉口，那是建筑的两个线性要素相交的地方：一个在侧面，是服务用房和管理办公室；另一个在前方，是一道观景长廊，两边是观赏自然栖息地中鸟类的鸟场。在观景廊的远端是第三个线性要素，它呈垂直方向，里面是咖啡厅和可眺望远方开阔湿地的多功能空间。经过多年让非候鸟回归的努力，保护区里如今有350种鸟类在此安家，是33,000只候鸟的着陆区，也是沙迦城市的“呼吸之肺”。

观景廊上的悬挑钢桁架屋顶使它无需周围的列柱，并形成了无缝的玻璃立面。室内各处特意追求极简效果，使全部注意力都集中到四周的大自然上去：说明展板是支撑中墙上唯一的装饰。立面玻璃窗微微倾斜，以便为鸟类增强对景观的反射，同时将对眺望的人群的反射降至最小。由于地面低于室外地坪，所以用一道连续的混凝土窗台提供了让人小坐并从鸟类的高度去观察它们的地方。为了克服酷热的沙漠气候，屋顶有良好的隔热，玻璃也通过悬挑来遮阳。鸟场上还提供了一些遮阳的织物。从屋顶上收集的雨水会通过精心布置，并有景观元素伪装的出水口分散到景观中的特定区域。

6 座观鸟屋散落在一处200,000m2场地中央的湖面周围。它们虽然遵从统一的美学特征，但每个都按周边的环境进行了单独设计，并在施工时使用了部分回收木材和塑料，从而突出了生态特色的表达。

曾经的垃圾堆放场如今已恢复了本土的生态系统，并逐渐成为一个大受欢迎的让游客欣赏和认识自然环境的地方。□（尚晋 译）

2 鸟瞰/Aerial view

3 剖面A-A/Section A-A

4 剖面B-B/Section B-B

Wasit Nature Reserve was originally a wastewater and rubbish dump.The rehabilitation process of the damaged eco-system started in 2005,40,000m2of rubbish removed, 35,000 trees been replanted, healing the land from toxic chemicals and conservation of the Unique salt flats and coastal sand dunes.Part of a much larger initiative by Sharjah's Environment and Protected Areas Agency to clean up and rehabilitate this ancient chain of wetlands along the Arabian Gulf coast, the Wasit Wetland Centre aims to offer information and education about this unique environment and to encourage preservation.

In designing the visitor centre, we took advantage of the site's natural topography to minimize its visual impact by making it appear submerged into the ground.Visitors descend a ramp to arrive at an angled intersection between two linear elements of the building: one, to the sides, containing services and administrative offices; the other, ahead, a long viewing gallery flanked by aviaries where birds can be seen in their natural habitat.At the far end of the viewing gallery, a third linear element, running perpendicular,houses a café and multipurpose space with views out over the open wetlands.After years of efforts to bring the non-migratory birds back to the site, WNR is now home to 350 species of birds, a landing zone for 33,000 migrate birds, and a breathing lung to Sharjah city.

A cantilevered steel truss roof over the viewing gallery avoids the need for peripheral columns,allowing seamless glazed façades.The interior is deliberately minimalistic throughout, placing the full focus on the surrounding nature: informative displays are the only adornment on the supporting

6 剖面C-C：走廊细节/Section C-C: Gallery detail

项目信息/Credits and Data

客户/Client: EPAA, Environmental and Protected Area Authority

地点/Location: Wasit Wetland Centre, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

功能/Programme: 向公众开放的游客中心/Visiting Centre,open to public

主持建筑师/Principal Architects: Ahmed Al-Ali, Farid Esmaeil

结构工程师/Structural Engineering: Eyad Zarafeh, X Architects

承包商/Contractor: Darwish Engineering Emirates, Sharjah,United Arab Emirates

主要材料/Principal Materials: 悬挑钢桁架屋顶，玻璃幕墙/Cantilevered steel truss roof, glazed façade

主要结构/Principal Structure: Steel

总建筑面积/Total Floor Area: 2534m2

基地面积/Site Area: 200,000m2

造价/Cost: 7,600,000 USD

摄影/Photos: Nelson Garrido (fig.1,11,14), Fernando Guerra(fig.2,9,10,12,13,15,16)central wall.The façade glazing is slightly tilted, to enhance reflections of the landscape for the birds while minimising reflections for people looking out.The floor being lower than the ground outside, a continuous concrete sill provides a place to sit and contemplate birds at their level.To counter the very hot desert climate, the roof is well insulated and the glass is shaded by its overhang.Some fabric shading is also provided over the aviaries.Rainwater harvested from the roof is discreetly directed to specific areas of the landscape via carefully placed spouts that are camouflaged by landscape elements.

Six bird hides scattered around a lake created in the middle of a 200,000m2site follow a unified aesthetic but are each individually designed for their context, and employ some recycled wood and plastic in their construction, reinforcing the ecological message.

What had become a waste dumping ground has had its indigenous ecosystem restored, and is proving a popular place for visitors to appreciate and learn about their natural environment.□

7 剖立面/Sectional elevation

8 鸟的种类/Bird types

9 鸟瞰/Aerial view

10 局部/Detailed view

11 鸟瞰/Aerial view

12-14 内景/Interior views

评论

埃德姆·埃尔滕：X建筑事务所设计的瓦西特自然保护区游客中心部分掩埋在沙丘之中，场地原来是废水排放地和垃圾场。游客中心的建成预示着人类在未来与地球生态系统达成和解的可能性。项目将3个矩形的建筑体量并置，并使之恰当地与景观环境融合。在修复后的湿地中，这样一个看似简单的设计传达出一个强烈的信息：如果我们无法恢复已被我们摧毁的东西，至少我们可以把它重新建造出来。虽然仅凭建筑本身无法完成这件事，但游客中心项目向人们清晰地说明了建筑参与这个过程的角色与策略。（母卓尔 译）

庄子玉：不论从选址的角度，空间形态的角度，结构与材料的角度，项目的操作都无疑是极为谦逊的。建筑与场地的设计都始终围绕着一个核心的叙事体系——从人工向自然的转变与拥抱——不论是从废弃的荒野到湿地公园的转变，还是点状散落的观察站对环境极低的影响，还是游客中心匍匐的姿态，被拉长的线性轴线对景观的融入，以及被动遮阳节能体系的选择，都使得整个建筑充分地融入到了自然之中，并与之充分互动。与之相关的建筑流线和功能关联下的空间亦显得简洁干练，而结构和剖面的一系列巧妙处理亦将这种联系与渗透的关系推向了一个新的高度。

Comments

Erdem Erten: Partially nested in the dunes of what was once a waste water and rubbish dump,the Wasit Visitor Centre by X Architects heralds the possibility of a future when humankind might reconcile with the planetary ecosystem.Juxtaposing three rectangular volumes and strategically adjusting them to the landscape, the seemingly simple design of the building against the healed wetland sends a strong message: if we cannot bring back what we destroyed we can build it anew.Although architecture alone is not capable of doing so, the centre clearly delineates a role and a strategy for architecture on how to partake in the effort.

ZHUANG Ziyu: The manipulation of the project is undoubtedly extremely humble, whether in terms of the choice of site, the spatial form, or the structure and materials.The design of the building and the site is centred around a core narrative - the transition from artificiality to nature.The project transforms an abandoned land into a wetland park, creating scattered observation stations so minimise environmental impact.The visitor centre takes a humble attitude, and its linear axis is well integrated with the landscape.Besides, the building adopts a passive shading system.All these approaches have allowed the building to be fully integrated with nature and fully interact with it.The circulation and programmes related with nature are also clear and concise.A series of skillful operations of the structure and sections have pushed the connection and integration to new heights.(Translated by MU Zhuo'er)

15.16 内景/Interior views