浅谈基于核心素养理论的英语概要写作

2021-09-17 16:49王敏
校园英语·中旬 2021年8期
关键词:概要写作核心素养

【摘要】自2016年浙江省推行的新高考制度对英语学科的改变不仅体现在一年两考,而且在试卷中新增了读后续写或概要写作题型。本文将聚焦概要写作。以核心素养理论为基础,解释如何推进概要写作的过程:如何获取要点,如何转述要点及如何衔接成文,希望能达到抛砖引玉的效果。

【关键词】概要写作;核心素养;要点获取;要点转述;要点衔接

【作者简介】王敏,浙江省临海市杜桥中学。

一、引言

根据《考试说明》中的评分标准解读,一篇优秀的概要写作要求考生正确运用自己的语言概括原文要点,要点间有衔接。要点的获取需要借助语言能力中最基础的语篇意识和段落间逻辑关系的理解来促成,亦需要借助学生的文化品格来实现对一些篇章所反映的文化现象的了解。而要点的转述和衔接需要借助学生的语言知识来建构和表达文章的中心,以上都可以归总于核心素养的落实与培养。因此,笔者认为概要写作教学要紧紧围绕英语学科核心素养理论展开。

二、基于语言能力的要点获取

要点的获取过程就是文本的解读过程。概要写作的读应以短文体裁为切入点,利用各类体裁的文本结构特征,快速确定(检测)要点信息。

1. 筛选主题句。主题句(topic sentence)通常是指可以统领或是概括文章主旨的关键性语句,尤其是在概要写作过程中,会经常出现这样的语句,比如很多文章整体甚至每段都是总-分或是分-总的结构。因此一个段落的主题句通常位于段落的首或尾。除此之外,帮助我们快速找到概要文主题句方法也有很多,比如我们在阅读与分析概要文时,可以重点关注so、thus或类似的标志性单词,很可能后边所接语句就是作者总结性的话语或是个人观点。

2. 寻找词语。在语言技能方面特别强调对语篇做出的全局反应。在练习中,我们发现某些文章很难找到主题句和关键句。这种情况下我们可以先通读全文从全局理解作者要表达的中心,而作者要表达的中心必然体现在各段中,依此可找出全文关键词以及段落关键词,进而连词成句,得出段落要点。

例如 衢州五校联盟高三联考卷的概要写作(论竞争competition)

Paragraph 1

“In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly...”第二句的 “it” 和前后两句的 “competition” 呼应。看出本文作者重点讲述了两种对待竞争的态度。这两种态度中“value”和“bad”是关键词,体现了竞争在人们心目中好和坏的两面性。

Paragraph 2

“For them, playing well and winning are often life and death affairs.”这段总结了一些人把“赢”看成“生死大事”这类人认为竞争是体现人自身价值的,呼应了第一段第一类人的态度。此时我们更清楚了作者就是通过一些人的具体表现来反映他们对竞争的态度。竞争作为关键词而存在就更明显了。

Paragraph 3

“However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude...”此處我们通过连词however和opposite能推断出这段话所描述的是和第二段中那些人对待竞争截然相反的态度,也就呼应了第一段中第二类人的态度。而根据下文 “they seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success...” 印证了我们的判断。这样文章的结构就清晰了,关键词也就浮出了水面。

三、基于文化品格的要点

1. 替换同义词。替换同义词是概要写作最为基础、最为重点的一部分,主要是指从原文中寻找关键词汇和语句进行同义词语之间的替换与转换,主要考察的是阅读分析能力和词汇量的储备是否丰富。

例如:

Exercise has many benefits, including a lift in energy levels, an increase in self-esteem, and an overall improved sense of physical well-being, however, it is possible to become addicted to exercise. While an addiction to exercise is fairly rare and not as dangerous as an addiction to heroin(海洛因) cocaine, or other illegal drugs, it's still a problem that must be dealt with in a timely fashion.

通过 “however” 看出作者表达了相反的观点,最后作者强调的是后面的观点:尽管运动有很多优点,但有些人会上瘾。这是个必须解决的问题。概括为:Although exercise has benefits, there is an addiction to exercise for some people. 这里的 “has”可以替换为“offers”,“addiction”替换为“make sb addicted ”。就可以转述为 “Although exercise offers many benefits, it can make people addicted.”。

2. 语态转换。即将句子在主动语态和被动语态之间进行转换。比如将这个句子的主动语态转换成被动语态:Many people speak English.(主动语态);语态转换后:English is spoken by many people.(被动语态)。

3. 句子重构。写好一篇英语概要文章,掌握一定句式必不可少,这是写作层次、思路清晰、文章语意简洁的前提条件。为了达到“以简为贵”的教学效果,英语教师开展复杂句式“化繁为简”,简单句式“重新组合”的教学策略,提高学生缩写与重构句式的能力。下面以一个简单句式重构为例,阐述整合文章大意进行句式重构的方法:

The biological clock is an internal system that tells our bodies when to go to bed and get up. Scientists track the clock by experimentally measuring the amount of melatonin circulating in a person's blood. In a healthy sleeper, melatonin levels rise a few hours before going to bed, stay high throughout the night, and then gradually decrease when it's time to get up.

The biological clock is an internal system that, like a clock, tells our bodies when to go to bed and get up. Scientists track the existence and function of the clock by experimentally measuring the amount of melatonin circulating in a person's blood. It was found that in a healthy sleeper, melatonin levels rose a few hours before going to bed, stay high throughout the night, and then gradually decrease when it's time to get up.

這段话中介绍了生物钟的定义,还讲了 “melatonin level” 即褪黑激素水平和人体睡眠钟的内部联系。最初可把整段话概括为:The circadian clock is an internal system, it schedules your sleeping time influenced by the quantity of melatonin。我们发现“circadian clock”“internal system”和“it”都是指“生物钟”,所以可以重构为:

I.用同位语:The circadian clock, an internal system, schedules your sleeping time influenced by the quantity of melatonin.

II.用定语从句:The circadian clock is an internal system, which schedules your sleeping time influenced by the quantity of melatonin.

四、基于思维品质的要点衔接

通过阅读《考试说明》,我们知道写好一篇概要文章,不仅要做好语句紧密连接,还要做到结构紧凑有层次,二者缺一不可。所以需要让学生学会获取要点进行转述的同时,还需要注意各个要点之间的关联性与层递性,这样才能让概要写作要点之间有效连接,逐句成段、逐段成篇。下面我们以“广告的作用”要点为例进行详细说明:

1. Advertising plays an extremely important role in the commercial field. Enterprises in various industries hope to use the power of advertising to attract or convey commodity information to people, so that they can get close to their own products and then seize market share.

2. Advertisement is enlightening and misleading. By changing people's initial thinking, people can be encouraged to buy goods that they don't think are important but also need.

3. Besides advertising also has a direct impact on people's consumption consciousness. Therefore, many enterprises use price reduction advertising as a means of promotion to quickly empty their products.

4. Although fast food is harmful to human health, people can't resist the attraction and temptation of advertisement.

5. However, similar advertisements have certain comparability, such as the price, quality and after-sale reputation of similar goods.

这些句子中所用的一些关键词如 “attract”“encouraged” 体现广告的积极作用,然而在第四段中出现了关键词 “although”, 说明此处讲到了一些广告的不良影响,如对快餐的宣传。最后一段画风一转又用了 “however” ,再次提到了广告的好处是帮助顾客从价格,质量和可靠性三方面对各种产品进行比较,从而选出最适合自己的商品。那么在概括的时候学生也应用到相应的关联词和指示代词体现这些要点之间的逻辑关系。所以笔者把这篇文章概括为:

Advertising is essential to firms as it appeals to customers. It tries to persuade people to buy unnecessary goods, which promotes the sales. In addition, companies make people become more familiar with new products through advertising to increase sales, by which people can make decisions more reasonably by comparison from many aspects such as price, quality and reliability.

五、結语

了解了概要写作的推进过程,笔者希望学生在分析文章时还能边读边划他们认为的关键词和关键句。先列要点,再打草稿写提纲,最后再修改成文。当然,不可避免地个别学生会生搬硬套一些在阅读素材中遇到的经典句型和词汇,欠缺思考地惯用一些连接词和衔接语句,以及不分主次地进行拼凑写作。对此,教师需要明确培养学生概要写作能力并非一朝一夕可以完成,是需要一个长期循序渐进的过程,应在反复重复性的练习中,激发学生写作兴趣、创新写作教学内容与形式,让学生通过练习能够不断提升语篇意识、准确应用词汇、语句、句式,这才是基础与关键。另外,还应启迪学生写作之前进行思考,修改草稿提纲,变换思维和写作方式等,以求写作内容新颖,要点之间逻辑关系清晰,从而实现概要写作能力的稳定提升。

参考文献:

[1]史宁中.推进基于学科核心素养的教学改革[J].中小学管理, 2016(2):19-21.

[2]孙鑫.主题句在高中英语课文整体教学中的作用[J].山东外语教学,1991(2):85-86.

[3]刘菊,杨敏.“过程法”教学模式在英语概要写作教学中的应用[J].考试与评价(大学英语教研版),2013(4):58-61.

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