英文目录与摘

Introduction:Fertility Policy and Fertility Intention: From Macroscopic to Microcosmic Perspective

Shuwei Zhang

The Effect of the Default Option to Nudge Fertility Intention: TheTwo-child Policy as Fulcrum

Shuwei Zhang， Xinya Hu & Yu Wang

AbstractWith the introduction of the three-child policy and its supporting measures， governments have prioritized childbirth. Fertility intention is a key factor affecting fertility behavior， which then affects fertility rate and ultimately the fertility level of society.The willingness to have a second child will restrict the actual effect of the three-child policy. From the perspective of behavioral public policy， this paper investigates a simple tool meant to “nudge” fertility intention. A 3×2 two-factor between-subjects design with two experiments was adopted to explore the causal mechanism and boundary conditions of default options on fertility intention. Studies 1 and 2 examined the moderating effects of involvement and the descriptive norms of the relationship between the default options and fertility intention， respectively. The default options were divided into the explicit and the implicit according to the different paths of attitude change. A total of 566 valid questionnaires were collected， and the results confirmed the main effect of the default option on fertility intention.Both the explicit and the implicit default option significantly promoted fertility intention. Furthermore， it was found that both involvement and descriptive norms negatively moderated the relationship between the default option and fertility intention.When the involvement was high or the descriptive norms were strong， the positive relationship between the fertility intention and the default option would be weakened. The contributions of this paper could be summaried into three points: first， to introduce the default option into the discussion of influencing factors of fertility intention for the first time. Second， to subtly categorize the default options based on how they are presented. Moreover， the study’s results provide empirical evidence for the new practice of nudging. This paper contributes to the policy discussion around constructing a society and a policy environment friendly to childbearing， as well as a psychological atmosphere that promotes a default two-child China．

KeyWordsDefault Option; Fertility Intention; Involvement; Descriptive Social Norm; Nudge

Policy Design， Policy Support， and Fertility Preference: The Feedback Effects of China’s “One-child” Policy

Peijie Wang， Yuxin Peng & Youlang Zhang

AbstractPublic policy is an important factor in shaping individual perception， attitude， and preference. The existing research rarely discusses how the features of policy design affect public feedback effects. Based on a review of the fertility regulation requirements in 216 “one-child” policy documents for 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipality) directly under the Central Government from 1980 to 2013， this paper constructs an index of the degrees of policy-strictness based on core requirements. By using the data of three rounds of CGSS2010， 2012， and 2013 surveys， we empirically tested the impact of policy design on people’s policy support and fertility preference. We found that: (1)The stricter the “one child” policy is designed， the higher the public’s support for government intervention in individual fertility， and the lower the number of wanted children and boys. However， it is not found that the severity of the policy design has a significant effect on the preference for boys. (2) Policy design affects people’s fertility preference by influencing their policy support. (3)The influence of a policy design on people’s policy support and fertility preference will change with individual identity differences (such as rural-urban difference and ethnic difference). This suggests that the strict “one-child” policy has undermined traditional notions of “the more children, the more happiness” by shaping people’s policy support and fertility preference. This paper complements the discussion on the long-term feedback effects of policy and the impact of the structural characteristics of policy design.It also enriches our understanding on how policy shapes people’s attitudes (obedience-support-internalization) and the political impact of the “one-child” policy．

KeyWordsPolicy Design; Policy Feedback; Fertility Preference; Policy Support; One-child Policy

Cultural Mechanism and Policy Implications of Young People’s Low Fertility Desire in Contemporary China

Fan Wu & Ling Chen

AbstractThe low fertility culture jointly constructed by the long-term implementation of China’s family planning policy and social modernization has weakened the influence of parents’ conceptions and their behavior toward their children.The constant adjustment of the family planning policy has also aggravated the complexity of this intergenerational connection. However， the social factors mainly represented by the level of education are exerting more and more obvious influence on the fertility intentions of the younger generation. Based on the 2019 Chinese Social Survey data and the analysis of 1，958 sample respondents aged 20-34，this study found parents’ fertility rate is significantly positively correlated with their children’s fertility desire.But the effect of intergenerational transmission is gradually fading， and education level plays a partial mediating role between paternal fertility rate and children’s fertility desire. As familial influence on young people’s fertility intention weakens， the social construction supporting fertility may be the main way to promote young people’s fertility desire. China’s three-child policy is a government sponsored fertility culture of social construction.But the policy still needs to be further expanded in terms of financial support， time support， and parenting-work balance. These are necessary to alleviate the stress on individuals and families caused by childbearing and parenting in terms of income stability， flexible working hours， childcare services and diversified public services．

KeyWordsFertility Desire;Intergenerational Transmission; Fertility Attitude; Fertility Support Policies

●ARTICLES

Research on the Emerging Self-organization Forms in the Context of Intelligent Technology: Based on the Self-organization Process Analysis Framework of Formation-Adaptation-Feedback

Yanhao Li & Jun Su

AbstractResponding to the impact of intelligent technological innovations， emerging self-organizations burgeon as the times require. Why are these types of self-organizations formed？ What interactions with intelligent technologies have occurred？ How are they different from self-organizations in traditional societies？ These are theoretical propositions which urgently need to be answered. This paper examines the self-organization formed by takeaway riders (food delivery drivers) and provides exploratory conclusions on the interaction between emerging self-organization and intelligent technology through field investigations.It supplements theoretical knowledge about self-organization and reveals empirically that takeaway riders may be trapped in the algorithm but they still have autonomy. These riders， based on introverted， interactive，or extroverted motivations， will eventually form self-organizations of physical， virtual，or coactive states through their organizational disengagement and virtual-identity-based connections. In the process of organizational development， riders will generate self-organizing adaptation through close and loose， direct and indirect interactions， sharing information resources， and forming self-organizing identities. Finally， the algorithm is fed back by takeaway riders through self-organization.This results in introverted algorithmic adaptation with self-persuasion， interactive algorithmic response with mutual adjustment， and extroverted algorithmic escape with external help. As this article argues， the government function of “guaranteeing the bottom line” for the emerging self-organizations in the context of intelligent technology can be achieved by broadening aggregation channels， providing pro bono legal aid， and guiding the direction of technological innovation．

KeyWordsIntelligent Technology；Self-organization；Takeaway Riders；Algorithm

How Does Public Perception Affect Willingness and Behavior to Use Face Recognition Technology？ The Moderated Mediation Model Based on Use Context

Yu Sun， Weilin Luo & Chuo Zhang

AbstractWith the rapid development of information and communication technology， face recognition， as one of the most common biometric identification methods， has been widely used in society. The public behavior willingness and use behavior for face recognition technology play an important role in the development， deployment， and promotion of the technology. Based on the theory of reasoned action and other ideas， the existing literature actively explores the influencing factors of the public’s willingness to use face recognition technology. However， researchers have simplified the complex factors of public perception of technology and ignored the role of use context.Therefore， on the basis of the theory of reasoned action， this study introduces two situational concepts：the “nominal” authorization and the “actual” authorization of facial information. This study constructed a moderated mediation model with risk perception and value perception as independent variables and use behavior as dependent variable. It was then used to analyze the influence mechanism of use context on public willingness and behavior of face recognition technology. “Face payment” and “face access” were examined as the typical scenarios of “nominal” authorization and “actual” authorization， respectively. Based on the data from 723 questionnaires，the moderating effect of the use context was significant. In the “actual” authorization scenario， behavior willingness has a significant mediating effect. Risk perception negatively affects use behavior through behavior willingness， while value perception positively affects use behavior through behavior willingness. In the “nominal” authorization scenario， behavior willingness has no significant effect on use behavior， thereby revealing the mechanism of influence of the technology use context as it affects public willingness and behavior.This not only expands the applicability of the theory of reasoned action in the application of face recognition technology， but also shores up our policy understanding with micro evidence for the scenario-based governance of face recognition technology．

KeyWordsFace Recognition Technology; Use Context; Behavior Willingness; Use Behavior; Perception

The Practice of the Differential Mode of Collaboration in Regional Governance: The Case of Joint Prevention and Control of Air-pollution in the Pearl River Delta

Zitao Chen， Shu Zhang & Jiannan Wu

AbstractChina has made the comprehensive arrangement of regional development a national strategy. Thus， it is necessary to summarize the successful practices of regional development. The case of joint prevention and control of air-pollution in the Pearl River Delta presents the practice of the Differential Mode of Collaboration (DMC) in Chinese regional governance， which consists of overall cooperation and distributed coordination. In this mode， regional governance actors are networks composed of different subgroups and follow the sequential action logic according to the relationships of subgroups. This mode of practice results from the hierarchical intervention of higher-level governments to subcontract the bottom line as well as the horizontal consultation of lower-level governments to raise standards in the groups. It can effectively combine the motivations of benefit and trust.This paper suggests that the implementation of a regional develop strategy not only depends on overall regional cooperation， but also the coordinated development of metropolitan area subgroups. The long-term efforts and coordination of superior and subordinate governments are key to regional coordinative development．

KeyWordsRegional Governance; Collaborative Governance; The Differential Mode of Association; Pearl River Delta; Air Pollution

How Can Policy Entrepreneurs in Embedded Organizations Promote Policy Innovation？ Analysis of the Policy Process of Agricultural Outsourcing

Sicheng Chen， Ruiqi Shi， Jingyue Liu & Xuan Dong

AbstractPast research in driving policy innovation has focused on the role of policy entrepreneurs in organizations such as government organizations， firms， and industry associations. Yet， policy entrepreneurs in embedded organizations are rarely examined. Based on the changes in agricultural outsourcing policy in Shandong Province between 2000 and 2016， this paper reveals the process and mechanism by which policy entrepreneurs of embedded organizations (CO-OP) with Chinese characteristics promote policy innovation. This paper finds that the organizational structure in which policy entrepreneurs operate plays an important， influential role in driving policy innovation. Furthermore， this paper argues that policy entrepreneurs in embedded organizations can form a broad network of subsystem actors based on the organization’s multifaceted， multilevel network relationships. They can accrue the information and institutional legitimacy needed to promote the practice and demonstration of ideas by collaborating with all parties and actors at all levels. This will drive policy innovation through four stages: belief formation， benefit empowerment， alliance expansion， and innovation emergence. Embedded organizations with Chinese characteristics are often criticized for mixing different organizational natures， such as government and business. This study identifies the institutional advantages of embedded organizations to facilitate the emergence of broader policy innovations. China should strengthen the reform and construction of embedded organizations， and enhance the participation of embedded organizations in various public policies， so as to promote high-quality innovation based on their advantages of extensive information and institutional legitimacy．

KeyWordsPolicy Entrepreneur; Embedded Organizations; Policy Innovation; Institutional Relations; Agricultural Outsourcing Policy

Factor Substitution Effects Moderated by Transactional Complexity:The Path to Digitalization of Local Government Food Safety Regulation

Shipan Lai， Mengzhen Qi & Minjie Sun

AbstractThe digitalization literature often focuses on one segment of the government behavior process but then fails to explain the differences between segments. Based on the Technology-Organization-Environment Framework， a qualitative comparative analysis of 31 provincial governments found a factor substitution effect moderated by transactional complexity in the digitalization of local government food safety regulation. First， there is a substitution effect between the decreasing role of technical and organizational factors and the increasing role of environmental factors in the digitalization of the three segments of local government food safety regulation. Second， this substitution effect is moderated by the transactional complexity of digitalization of each regulatory segment. The higher the transactional complexity of the digitalization of the segment， the greater the role of technical and organizational factors within it， but the role of environmental pressures then decreases. And vice versa. This paper extends the research horizon of government digitalization from one segment to the whole process of government behavior. It also enlarges the scope of the TOE framework by exploring the combined effects of the factors in the framework and their moderating variables. The results suggest that transactional complexity should be used to determine whether specific government digitalization should be driven primarily by technical and organizational factors， or by environmental factors．

KeyWordsLocal Government; Food Safety Regulation; Government Digitalization; TOE Framework; Factor Substitution Effects

The Digital Shadow of Public Administration: Ethical Conflicts in Building A Digital Government

Xuefan Zhang & Zhongnan Jiang

AbstractThe rapid advancement of information technology has promoted the construction of digital government. However， due to the multiple opposing views underlying the ought-to-be logics of digital government construction， these advances have brought about conflicts between the means of digital governance and its administrative ends， which has directly affected the accountability of digital government construction activities. Using the administration ethics framework of organizational shadows， this paper classifies various ethical conflicts into four categories according to different types of means-ends conflicts: instrumental rationalism， expert governance， unmanned decision-making system， and theoretical finality. This categorization provides an ethical perspective for analyzing the accountability difficulties arising in the practices of E-governance. It also offers a framework for the analyzing diverse ethical conflict phenomena based on the theories of administration ethics．

KeyWordsDigital Government; Administration Ethics; Shadow of Organization; Antinomy

●THEORETICALREVIEWS

Behavioral Genetics: A Novel Perspective and Approach for Behavioral Public Administration Research

Lei Tao & Bo Wen

AbstractBehavioral genetics serves as the latest cross-disciplinary field between genetic science and behavioral research. Behavior genetics does not advocate for genetic determinism. Premised on the candid acknowledgement of the influence of natural factors， it discusses how the social environment interacts with genes to shape the development of individual behavior. How to make the most of behavioral genetics in the domain of behavioral public administration (PA) is a central question. This paper argues that behavioral genetics provides at least three novel perspectives for studying administrative behaviors， including 1) whether administrative behaviors are heritable， 2) how genes affect the development of certain administrative behaviors of interest， and 3) the mechanisms whereby the organizational environment interacts with genes to influence administrative behaviors. In addition， three typical behavioral genetics methods， including the twin design， genetic scores， and the Mendelian randomization method， can become add-on tools for furthering the existing behavioral public administration research. In a nutshell， incorporating the perspectives and methods of behavioral genetics into the existing behavioral public administration studies can help to reveal the micro-level underpinnings of administrative behaviors and attitudes， thus consolidating the cross integration and scientific development of the PA discipline．

KeyWordsBehavioral Genetics; Behavioral Public Administration; Novel Perspective; New Approaches