An Underwater Volcanoes

◎供稿：罗亚琪

水下火山喷发可能是什么样子？我们可以做个小实验：（1）将大容器装满冷水，小容器装满热水；（2）将石头放在小容器的底部，在小容器中加入食用色素，混合红色和黄色得到橙色；（3）将小容器轻轻放入大容器中，保持小容器直立。然后，我们就会看到“水下火山喷发”了！可是，真正的水下火山是怎样的呢？

1) erupt [ɪˈrʌpt] v. 爆发

2) blast [blɑːst] n. 爆炸

3) soot [sʊt] n. 煤烟

4) ridɡe [rɪdʒ] n. 山脊；分水岭

5) tectonic [tekˈtɒnɪk] adj. 构造的；建筑的

An underwater volcano, known as Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai,1)eruptedon January 15, 2022, near Tonga. The island nation is located in the South Pacific Ocean, home to about 105,000 people. The2)blastsent ash, gas, and3)sootabout 12 miles above the ocean’s surface. The damage in Tonga isn’t fully known yet. But the massive explosion raised concerns of tsunamis all through the Pacific and as far away as the west coast of the United States.

Underwater volcanoes, is also called submarine volcanoes. There are almost 1,350 active volcanoes around the globe, apart from the undersea volcanoes on the ocean bed with a wide range near the mid-Atlantic4)ridge. According to the geologists’ research of underwater volcano facts, most of the underwater volcanoes are formed close to or along the boundary of two adjoining5)tectonicplates. The movement of tectonic plates towards each other, overlapping each other or colliding with each other, forces the hot magma to rise with great pressure from the cracks formed due to tectonic plates. Underwater6)debriswould be lifted into the air by explosive eruptions in deep ocean water.

The magma that cools down after colliding with water takes a solid form, creating the Earth’s crust, which was earlier a7)moltenrock that originated from the mid-ocean ridge of either the Pacific plate or any other ocean plate. There is no particular shape to the lava, and it takes form as it spreads widely into the seabed or ocean bed. In comparison to air, which is8)approximately250 times stronger in force or exertion, ocean water causes the greater force on the earth’s surface. An underwater volcano is close to each, which is usually formed out of a group called the ring of fire. Underwater volcanic eruptions have contributed to global warming by leading to an increase in the amount of CO29)compoundsin the water.

It is difficult to detect the underwater eruption due to the lack of sound of boiling water, as the pressure is greater beneath the deep sea in comparison to the atmosphere. The latest technology, like10)hydrophones, also fails to detect the sound of an underwater volcanic eruption.

Hydrothermal vents emerge from the seabed but stay well beneath the seawater’s surface. As a result, these hydrothermal vents are not referred to as “islands”. These hydrothermal vents might erupt suddenly, taking any of their forms. Underwater eruptions or volcanic eruptions are unpredictable.

6) debris [ˈdebriː] n. 碎片

7) molten [ˈməʊltən] adj. 熔化的

8) approximately [əˈprɒksɪmətli] adv. 大约

9) compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd ] n. 混合物

10) hydrophone ['haɪdrəfəʊn] n. 水听器

一座名为汤加洪-阿哈阿帕伊岛的水下火山于2022年1月15日在汤加附近爆发。汤加位于南太平洋，拥有约10.5万人口。爆炸将火山灰、气体和煤烟吹至距离海面约12英里的高空。汤加的损失尚不完全清楚，但这次巨大的爆炸引发了人们对整个太平洋乃至美国西海岸的海啸的担忧。

水下火山，也称为海底火山。除了在大西洋中脊附近分布广泛的海床上的海底火山外，全球有近1350座活火山。根据地质学家对水下火山的研究，水下火山大多形成于靠近或沿两个相邻构造板块的边界。板块构造的板块运动、相互重叠或碰撞，迫使热岩浆从由板块构造形成的裂缝中以巨大的压力上升。水下碎片会被深海水中的爆炸喷发至空中。

岩浆与水碰撞后冷却下来形成固体形态，形成了地壳。地壳早期是来自太平洋板块或任何其他海洋板块的大洋中脊的熔融岩石。熔岩没有特别的形状，它广泛地延伸到海床或海床中。与空气相比，海水对地球表面的作用力约为空气的250倍，海水在地球表面产生的作用力更大。每座火山附近都有一座水下火山，通常由一组称为火环的火山组成。水下火山喷发导致水中二氧化碳混合物的含量增加，从而加剧全球变暖。

由于缺乏沸腾的声音，所以很难探测到水下火山喷发，因为海底的压力大于大气的压力。即使有水听器这样的最新技术，也无法探测到水下火山喷发的声音。

热液口从海床上露出来，但仍位于海水表面之下。因此，这些热液口不被称为“岛屿”。这些热液口可能会以任何形式突然爆发。水下喷发或火山喷发是不可预测的。