Latarjet手术治疗癫痫患者复发性肩关节前脱位伴重度骨缺损的短期疗效分析

2014-07-05 13:14杨国勇向明陈杭胡晓川唐浩琛
中华肩肘外科电子杂志 2014年2期
关键词:复发性肱骨骨关节炎

杨国勇 向明 陈杭 胡晓川 唐浩琛

Latarjet手术治疗癫痫患者复发性肩关节前脱位伴重度骨缺损的短期疗效分析

杨国勇 向明 陈杭 胡晓川 唐浩琛

目的研究Latarjet手术治疗癫痫患者肩关节复发性前脱位伴有重度骨缺损的短期疗效。方法2006年4月至2009年10月,对多例患者结合三维CT扫描和肩关节镜对肩关节复发性前脱位的肩盂前缘骨缺损和肱骨头后外侧的Hill-Sachs损伤的范围和程度进行评估,当肩盂呈倒梨形(骨缺损>肩盂宽度的25%),合并或伴有Engaging Hill-Sachs损伤,即运用Latarjet手术进行治疗,并对其中的7例癫痫患者作回顾性分析。其中男性4例,女性3例,年龄20~49岁,平均27.5岁。术前均有Apprehension sign阳性,平均脱位17.5次(13~28次),随访时采用ASES评分、Constant-Murley评分以及Rowe评分进行功能评估。结果本组患者随访36~60个月,平均46.3个月,术后制动2周后即在医生指导下按计划进行肩关节功能康复和力量恢复训练,术后6个月时三维CT显示喙突转位骨块均与肩胛颈愈合。术前与终末次随访相比较:前屈上举(150.5±20.9)°与(169.0±13.5)°比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.967,P>0.05),平均体侧外旋为(54.2±11.2)°与(40.2±6.8)°比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.827,P<0.05),ASES评分81.1±15.7与92.3±6.7比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.736,P>0.05),Constant-Murley评分为79.4±11.4与92.2±4.2比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.788,P<0.05),Rowe评分平均为42±1.5与76±1.8比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-38.392,P<0.05);终末次随访时X线片显示有2例患者出现早期骨关节炎表现。结论癫痫患者继发复发性肩关节前脱位伴有重度骨缺损治疗比较棘手,肩关节镜下或切开锚钉重建修复Bankart损伤术后脱位复发率较高,风险较大,在控制癫痫后选择Latarjet重建手术能提供较好的静力稳定性,从而有效减少脱位的复发率。

Latarjet;骨缺损;肩关节;脱位;喙突;癫痫

癫痫患者在癫痫发作时由于强烈的肌肉收缩或因抽搐时跌倒导致的肩关节脱位,在治疗上比较棘手[1-3]。50%以上的脱位需要去医院给予复位处理,严重的影响了患者的生活质量。前脱位极少,发生前脱位的原因大多是因为患者在癫痫发作时,因他人牵拉患者手,帮助其站立时出现的。后脱位最常见,许多文献都对癫痫患者肩关节后脱位作了经典的描述,而此类患者出现肩关节前脱位并不常见[2]。文献报道处理此类肩关节前方不稳定的方法包括非手术治疗、软组织手术和骨性阻挡手术[2-3,12]。软组织稳定手术在疗效以及再脱位发生率方面的结果不如骨性重建手术乐观[3-5]。文献报道骨性阻挡手术有较低的再脱位发生率和翻修率[2]。Latarjet手术就是其中比较典型的重建肩盂前下骨缺损的方法[6],喙突移位后,术中将前下关节囊与保留在喙突上的喙肩韧带残端相缝合,联合腱位于肩胛下肌及前下关节囊的前方,起悬吊作用[7]。而有关运用Latarjet手术治疗癫痫患者复发性肩关节前脱位的报道较少。本文回顾性分析我院7例癫痫患者复发性肩关节前脱位伴重度骨缺损,采用Latarjet技术,随访3~5年的临床疗效及影像学结果。

材料和方法

一、研究对象

自2006年4月至2009年10月,共有7例癫痫患者复发性肩关节前脱位伴重度骨缺损,在我院接受Latarjet手术治疗,主刀医师为同一位高年资医师。患者发生第一次肩关节脱位时的癫痫病史平均为4年(1.4~7年),其中有1例先前接受过软组织稳定手术。在我院接受Latarjet手术治疗的患者年龄20~49岁,平均为27.5岁,其中男性4例,女性3例。5例为优势侧,2例为非优势侧。第一次脱位与本次手术间隔时间平均为4(2.5~9)年,本次手术前脱位平均次数为15(8~30)次。所有患者第一次脱位都出现在癫痫发作时,随后的脱位大多数是在癫痫抽搐时出现的,也有在日常生活或参加体育活动时出现。7例患者均获得随访,平均随访46.3(36~60)个月。所有病例均记录了术前与术后肩关节主动前屈上举、体侧外旋功能以及恐惧试验的结果。末次随访时根据患者肩关节稳定性、功能及活动度,按Rowe评分法进行评分[8],满分为100分,其中稳定性占50分,功能占30分,活动度占20分,该方法由康复师根据患者恢复情况进行评分。所有患者术前、术后均按统一的影像学检查方法进行评估。在前臂外旋、内旋以及中立位拍摄标准的肩关节前后位片及骨三维成像,以评估 Hill-Sachs损伤情况[9],并采用 Samilson等[10]的方法判断骨关节炎的程度及分级。骨关节炎分为3级,1级:轻度,肱骨头下方和/或肩盂骨赘高度<3mm;2级:中度,骨赘高度3~7mm,伴轻度的盂肱关节不规则;3级:重度,骨赘高度>7mm,关节间隙狭窄,软骨下骨硬化。所有病例术前、术后均摄冈上肌出口位、Bernageau位X线片[11]及CT扫描,以评估术前肩盂前份骨缺损情况以及术后移位喙突愈合情况。本组病例均为癫痫患者癫痫发作时继发复发性肩关节前脱位,术中均使用沙滩椅体位,采用胸大肌三角肌入路。在距离喙突附着点1cm处切断喙肩韧带,游离胸小肌后行喙突基底部截骨,将喙突下方骨面磨平新鲜化后使用2.8mm钻头垂直于该平面钻孔备用,距离该孔1cm左右钻入1.5mm克氏针一枚作操作杆用。于肩胛下肌中份平行该肌纤维劈开该肌,在关节缘1~2cm处纵向打开关节囊,将肩盂前下份骨缺损处新鲜化后,转位喙突骨块,调整好骨块位置,将先前钻入的1.5mm克氏针向肩盂颈部钻入,临时固定移植之喙突,再沿喙突骨块上已钻好的2.8mm备用孔,在导钻引导下向肩胛颈部钻孔,测量后选适当长度的3.5mm皮质骨螺钉固定,C臂X线机反复透视确认骨位及内固定位置较好后,将临时固定的克氏针取出,距离第一枚螺钉1cm处再钻孔,拧入第二枚3.5mm皮质骨螺钉。完成喙突转位植骨后,即刻行肩关节前抽屉试验,判断肱骨头骨缺损即肱骨头后外侧的Hill-Sachs损伤程度对肩关节前向稳定性的影响,若有明显不稳定,则使用自体髂骨植骨术治疗,使用螺钉固定髂骨骨块(本组病例有2例取自体髂骨植骨处理Hill-Sachs损伤)。C臂X线机再次确认骨位及内固定位置,冲洗后将喙肩韧带残端与关节囊相缝合,逐层关闭切口。术后使用颈腕肘吊带悬吊保护患肢6周,术后第2天即开始肩关节被动前屈上举及外旋活动,6周后开始肩关节主动活动,术后3个月通过体检及影像学检查确认移植喙突骨块愈合较好后逐步开始恢复日常工作及活动。

二、统计学分析

采用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行统计分析,两组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间比较采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结 果

肩关节平均前屈上举从术前150°(100°~180°)升至术后169°(90°~180°),两者比较差异无统计学意义(t=-1.967,P>0.05)。平均体侧外旋从术前的54.2°(10°~90°)降至术后40.2°(5°~75°),两者比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.827,P<0.05)。术前所有患者恐惧试验均为阳性,术后至末次随访时有1例阳性。末次随访时Rowe评分为76(35~100)分,根据稳定性、活动度以及功能分别评分,平均得分为36(0~50)分,16(0~20)分和24(0~30)分。ASES评分术后92.3分与术前81.1分比较差异无统计学意义(t=-1.736,P>0.05),Constant-Murley评分[23]术后92.2分与术前79.4分比较差异有统计学意义(t=-2.788,P<0.05)。术前影像学检查证实所有患者肩盂前下均有明显的骨缺损(典型病例见图1~12)以及Hill-Sachs损伤,并且肩盂骨缺损超过25%;根据Samilson等[10]的描述,术前有2例患者有轻度的骨关节炎改变,至末次随访2例患者骨关节炎改变进展为中度,还有2例患者出现轻度骨关节炎改变。无一例出现螺钉松动、断裂或穿出,无一例发生移植之喙突骨块骨折。术后3例患者有癫痫发作史,其中有2例在癫痫发作时出现肩关节再脱位。再脱位的平均年龄为24.3(20~32)岁,而没有再出现脱位的平均年龄为35.6(25~55)岁。另外还有1例患者术后12个月时影像学检查时发现喙突尖出现骨折,患者否认外伤史,并且无异常特征及不适。3例患者术后再脱位距离Latarjet手术的平均时间为26(14~48)个月。两例患者均拒绝接受进一步的补救干预手术。

图1 术前正位X线片 图2 术前侧位X线片 图3 术前肩胛盂en-face view 图4 术前CT扫描,提示肩胛盂前方骨缺损图5 术后正位X线片 图6 术后侧位X线片 图7 术后肩胛盂en-ace view 图8 术后CT扫描 图9 手术切口像 图10术后3年前屈上举功能像 图11 术后3年外旋功能像 图12 术后3年内旋功能像

讨 论

Latarjet手术针对复发性肩关节前脱位是行之有效的方法[13-14]。其稳定肩关节的作用有:(1)骨块增加了脱位前肱骨头在肩盂上移动的安全面积;(2)上臂外展外旋时,联合腱可发挥动力系带的作用阻挡肱骨头向前移动;(3)转位的喙突和联合腱跨过肩胛下肌中下1/3能起到肌腱固定的效应,并且通过缝合喙肩韧带残端从而加固前下方关节囊的缺损[7]。文献报道其长期随访疗效好,且并发症少[14-16]。癫痫患者可能在癫痫发作时出现肩关节脱位[1-3],其中关于肩关节后脱位,包括绞锁型肩关节骨折后脱位的 报道较 多[1,3,17-22]。而 有关癫 痫患者肩关节复发性前脱位的相关文献报道较少,其治疗也极具挑战[2-3]。癫痫相关的肩关节后脱位的疗效尚可,但前脱位的结果却是令人沮丧[3]。有病例报道采用软组织修复手术其失败率为100%,其中3例为Putti-Platt手术,1例为关节囊修复手术[3]。越来越多的医师开始倾向于重建肩盂和(或)修复肱骨头骨缺损,以降低肩关节前或后脱位术后的肩关节不稳定[2-3]。1995年 Hutchinson等[2]报道13例癫痫患者接受骨移植治疗复发性肩关节前脱位,共15例肩关节,手术时平均年龄29岁,10例脱位发生在癫痫发作时,3例系创伤性肩关节脱位,另外2例肩关节脱位无明显诱因。笔者使用自体髂骨或同种异体股骨头进行支撑植骨。平均随访2.7年,疗效较好。Constant评分为91分,术后尽管有8例患者仍有癫痫发作,但均无再脱位发生,并且从影像学角度分析无骨关节炎改变。本组病例的结果与之相比有差异,这可能与患者的个体因素等相关。本组病例中,术前2例患者已存在盂肱关节骨关节炎改变。分析原因,可能是手术与第一次脱位间隔时间相对较长、肱骨头和肩盂骨缺损较多以及脱位次数较多等因素有关。本组病例术后新增2例出现骨关节炎改变,发生率较高[28.6%(2/7)]。癫痫患者复发性肩关节脱位术后有较高并发症发生率(50%),同样的手术方式,再脱位发生率(43%)远高于无癫痫患者,文献报道后者再脱位的发生率在0%~15%[24-26]。本组病例术后再脱位为28.6%(2/7),均出现在癫痫再次发作时,并且患者的年龄相对较小,但差异无统计学意义,这可能与年轻患者的生活方式以及抗癫痫治疗的依从性相对较差有一定的关系。文献报道使用同种异体骨植骨重建肱骨头骨缺损可以减少再脱位[2],本组有2例使用自体髂骨植骨术治疗Hill-Sachs之骨缺损,笔者认为不管使用何种方法重建骨缺损,术后只要存在癫痫再发作,就有肩关节再脱位的可能。本组病例再脱位发生较少的原因可能系随访时间较短,Hutchinson等[2]报道平均随访2.7年,另外有文献报道再脱位多发生在骨重建术后3~4年。Buhler等[3]报道了一组癫痫患者肩关节脱位的结果,其中前脱位17例,后脱位17例。17例前脱位患者中有2例行非手术治疗,6例行软组织手术(3 例 Putti-Platt术[12],2 例Bankart修复术,1例行关节囊转移),2例行肱骨头旋转截骨术,7例行骨阻挡术(其中3例行Eden-Lange-Hybinette术[27-29],2例行同种异体骨植骨及Bankart修复术,1例行骨阻挡术及Bankart修复术,1例行Bristow术)。3例行Eden-Lange-Hybinette术后均出现肩关节再脱位。平均随访10年,再脱位率为47%;8例术后再出现前脱位的患者中有5例出现在癫痫再次发作时。基于这些类似的文献报道,笔者非常赞同Buhler等[3]的观点:术前和术后相对长的时间里,医学干预控制癫痫疾病本身是手术成功的关键。另外,由于喙突自身形态的局限所在,其所能提供的有效骨量、宽度及体积是有限的,对于严重的肩盂骨缺损,当骨缺损长度远大于喙突难以提供足够的骨量时,应避免使用Latarjet手术,而选择其他方法予以纠正,以降低术后复发率。使用Latarjet手术治疗复发性肩关节前脱位时,骨缺损程度应控制在25%~30%。本组研究不足之处是研究病例数量较少,而且为回顾性研究,因此无法将Latarjet手术与其他手术方式进行比较研究。另外,由于癫痫患者在发作时发生肩关节前脱位非常少见,这也使得进行前瞻性研究更加困难。当然,本组病例所有患者均接受同一位主刀医师治疗,术后均按相同的计划进行康复训练,排除了不同外科医师、不同康复医师之间的偏差。

总之,癫痫患者复发性肩关节前脱位的治疗极具挑战性,在病情控制稳定后,可选择使用Latarjet手术治疗,但术后肩关节再脱位及骨关节炎的发生率较高,应引起足够的重视。当然,对于癫痫未治愈的复发性肩关节前脱位的治疗,是选择Latarjet手术还是其他手术,尚有待进一步的研究。

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Curative effect analysis on Latarjet procedure in treatment of epileptic patients of recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder with severe osseous deficiency with 3-5years follow-up

YangGuoyong,XiangMing,ChenHang,HuXiaochuan,TangHaochen.DepartmentofUpperExtremity,SichuanProvincialOrthopadicHospital,Chengdu610041,China

:XiangMing,Email:josceph_xm@sina.com

BackgroundShoulder instability affects the young population and causes serious labor loss.High-energy injuries can cause fractures around the shoulder girdle,such as coracoid fractures.Individuals with an epileptic seizure disorder and anterior glenohumeral instability frequently have severe anteroinferior glenoid osseous deficiency and a posterior humeral head defect.The risk of a subsequent osseous deficiency among recurrent unstable shoulders in patients with seizure disorders is very high.Therefore,this is clinically important as patients with a seizure disorder and glenohumeral instability frequently require a primary osseous reconstructive procedure,such as coracoid osteotomy and transfer to the anterior glenoid rim (the Latarjet procedure),to address glenoid osseous deficiency.The aim of this study is to assess the effects of Latarjet procedure on the radiological and clinical results in cases with severe glenoid osseous deficiency accompanied with epileptic seizure disorders and recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder.MethodsThe study included 7patients with severe glenoid osseous deficiency accompanied with epileptic seizure disorders and recurrent anterior dislocation.Thecases were reviewed at a mean post-operative follow-up duration was 46.3months(range from 36 to 60months)from 2006to 2009.The average age of the patients was 27.5years old (range:20to 49 years old),including 4males and 3females.The average time between the first-time dislocation and operation was 4years (range:2.5to 9years).In addition to conventional anteroposterior and axillary radiographs,all patients underwent computed tomography(CT)as part of our routine protocol.Three-dimensional reformatting of these images enabled assessment of the degree of glenoid and humeral head bone loss and the post-operative bone healing.All scans were examined by a single observer.Further information specifically relating to previous shoulder injuries and seizures was obtained from patients.Symptoms previously described in association with shoulder dislocation,including anterior shoulder pain,weakness,and restricted shoulder motion,were specifically sought.Functional assessment was obtained using the parameters of three types of functional assessment systems(the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Assessment(ASES),the Constant-Murley Score and the Rowe Score).All patients underwent elective anterior shoulder stabilization (a standard Bristow-Latarjet procedure)performed by the same senior surgeon.The fragment was secured with two lag screws through the graft to obtain rotational control of the fragment to the glenoid rim.Then a special rehabilitation protocol and power recovery exercise was administered in all patients 2weeks after surgery.All patients were followed with radiographic and functional evaluations.ResultsOn the basis of preoperative CT scans and the arthroscopic appearances,all shoulders showed a severe glenoid-rim defect and Hill-Sachs lesions pre-operatively.Osteo-arthritic changes of the glenohumeral joint were seen in two shoulders (28.6%)pre-operatively and in four shoulders (57.1%)postoperatively.And the mean dislocation time was 17.5(range:13to 28times).These patients shared the common features of recurrent anterior instability in association with epileptic seizures and a severe osseous deficiency that was detectable on preoperative CT scans and was confirmed at surgery.The post-operative radiographic evaluations showed that all bone grafts healed without evidence of secondary displacement according to the three dimensional CT scan.The coracoid transposition bone and scapular neck was healed.Comparing the pre-operation condition with the final follow-up,forward elevation improved from 150.5±20.9preoperatively to 169.0±13.5postoperatively,while the average external rotational limitation measured in the neutral position of the arm decreased from 54.2±11.2to 42.2±6.8(t=2.827,P<0.05).ASES score improved from 81.1±15.7to 92.3±6.7(t=1.736,P>0.05),Constant-Murley score from 79.4±11.4to 92.2±4.2(t=-2.788,P<0.05).The mean Rowe score was 76 (range,45to 100)at the final follow-up.Re-dislocation during a seizure occurred in two shoulders(28.6%).And three patients had mild pain at the position of maximal abduction or external rotation.Secondary osteoarthritic changes of the glenohumeral joint were seen in two shoulders postoperatively.None of the patients had immediate postoperative complications.None had developed recurrent glenohumeral instability after surgery and only one person still had a passive apprehension sign at the time of the latest follow-up,ranging between thirty-six and sixty months postoperatively.On routine radiographs after surgery,there was no evidence of fixation failure or graft resorption in the shoulders.No one underwent revision surgery.Overall,most of the patients had satisfactory pain relief and daily living activities postoperatively at the time of the latest follow-up.ConclusionsThe anterior dislocation of the shoulder in the epileptic patients is really uncommon.The treatment of the secondary recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder associated with severe osseous deficiency is quite difficult,due to the unacceptably high rate of re-dislocation after the open or arthroscopic reconstruction surgery of the Bankart lesion.Our study assessed the effects of Latarjet procedure on the radiological and clinical results in seven cases with severe glenoid osseous deficiency accompanied with epileptic seizure disorders and recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder.The results suggested that when treating patients with an epileptic seizure disorder and recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability,effective control of the epileptic seizures is one of the most important methods to reduce the incidence of post-operative recurrent dislocation,because a compliant patient was very important for a successful clinical outcome.The Latarjet procedure can provide a satisfiedreconstruction of shoulder stability,but the possibility of re-dislocation and osteoarthritis should be also noticed.We recommend a high index of suspicion when treating patients with a seizure disorder who have anterior shoulder instability,and we recommend making apreoperative CT scan,if there is a strong likelihood that a coracoid transfer will be used at surgery.This enables the diagnosis of a coracoid fracture nonunion to be made prior to surgery and helps to determine whether there is sufficient bone to allow a Latarjet procedure to be performed.However,it needs further investment to choose an appropriate surgery procedure for the untreated epileptic patients.

Latarjet;Bony defect;Shoulder joint;Dislocation;Coracoid;Epilepsy

2013-05-11)

(本文编辑:李静)

10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.02.005

610041 成都,四川省骨科医院上肢科

向明,Email:josceph_xm@sina.com

杨国勇,向明,陈杭,等.Latarjet手术治疗癫痫患者复发性肩关节前脱位伴重度骨缺损的短期疗效分析[J/CD].中华肩肘外科电子杂志,2014,2(2):91-96.

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