组织政治知觉对员工离职倾向的影响研究

2014-11-03 00:06卢东张博坚张洁媛
软科学 2014年10期
关键词:离职倾向

卢东 张博坚 +张洁媛

摘要:基于社会交换理论的观点,探索了心理契约违反在员工政治知觉对离职倾向影响中的中介作用,以及群体凝聚力对心理契约违反中介效应的调节作用。通过对52个工作单位的691名员工的组织政治知觉、心理契约违反、离职倾向、群体凝聚力与人口统计变量的调查,采用层级线性模型 (Hierarchical Linear Modeling; HLM) 对理论模型进行验证。研究结果显示,员工的心理契约违反会部分中介组织政治知觉与员工离职倾向的关系,此外,心理契约违反的部分中介效应群体凝聚力的调节,即对于高凝聚力的工作群体,这种中介效应会被弱化。

关键词:社会交换理论;组织政治知觉;心理契约违反;离职倾向;群体凝聚力

中图分类号:C936;F272.92文献标识码:A文章编号:1001-8409(2014)10-0087-04

过去大多数研究已经证实组织政治普遍存在于组织中,而且通常会对组织及个人产生负面的影响[1,2]。然而,很少有研究探讨组织政治知觉如何影响员工的态度和行为反应。心理契约代表的是员工与组织间交换关系发展的一种方式,这种不成文的交换关系创造了两个不同群体间的互惠关系,而且这样的关系基本上超越了组织的正式契约。但是,一旦员工在这样的关系中感知到组织已无法再符合彼此间交换的义务和责任时,员工就会认定组织已违反这个契约,从而采取应对措施。Morrison 与 Robinson的研究提出,存在于两个不同团体间的不一致性 (Incongruence),往往是造成心理契约违反的主要前因,而个人的态度和行为则是个人心理契约遭到违反后的结果[3]。员工的政治知觉是造成这种不一致性的主要原因,而离职倾向则反映了员工对于这一客观事实认知后的一种态度上的反应。因此,本文将心理契约违反作为员工组织政治知觉与其离职倾向之间重要的中介因素。

那么,到底哪些因素能够减缓组织政治氛围给员工带来的负面冲击呢?在过去组织政治的研究中,学者们广泛讨论的两个因素是员工对工作环境知觉以及对环境的控制程度。然而,鉴于组织具有嵌套 (Nested) 层级结构的特性,组织中个人的知觉、态度和行为之间的关系不仅受到个人特质因素的影响,而且还受到来自工作群体、部门及组织等系统因素的影响,甚至是彼此之间相互作用的结果。群体凝聚力作为一种群体成员受群体吸引而共享群体目标的程度,在组织中除了会在群体中形成一股规范的力量外,更会对个人态度和行为产生不同的影响。因此,本文将探讨群体凝聚力在组织政治知觉经由心理契约违反对离职倾向影响中的跨层次调节作用。

4结论

根据上述研究结果,归纳结论如下:

(1)员工在工作情境中所表现的态度和行为,并非仅是被动地接受环境的刺激产生,而是会先通过一个内在的心理机制对环境所提供的事件线索予以诠释,并赋予意义后,再进行自我的判断与认定并产生一种认知状态,而后引发其后续的态度和行为。组织政治知觉通过心理契约违反对离职倾向产生影响。

(2)群体凝聚力对组织政治知觉经由心理契约违反对离职倾向的中介效应产生调节作用。高群体凝聚力不仅为成员提供更多沟通、协调、信息分享、互助及参与决策的机会,而且促使群体内成员彼此间更紧密地相连在一起,把群体利益置于个人之上,避免自利、不合法及伤害群体或同事的活动,取而代之的是维持更多的合作关系而非竞争关系,从而降低了组织政治带来的负面效果。

5理论意义与实践建议

本文通过导入心理契约,以组织和成员彼此之间基于互惠交换的观点,说明组织政治是如何影响个体态度和行为的,弥补了过去研究所遗留的缺口。其次,通过群体特性变量(群体凝聚力)的导入,减缓组织政治所带来的负面影响效果,也直接呼应了社会心理学研究学者,如Rousesau(1985)所提出的个人态度和行为并非仅受个人特质的影响,同时也受到个人和环境交互作用影响的观点。

在管理实践上,管理者在实际管理中应当致力于提供一个透明、明确和一致的政策和措施,以降低组织政治作为压力源所带来的负面效果。管理者也必须极力阻止工作场所中政治活动的发生,例如通过反馈机制让员工了解什么样的行为才是组织所许可的。管理者更应采取必要手段将工作环境中从事政治活动且已对其他人产生重大伤害的核心行动者逐出工作场所。最后,管理者应该通过提升群体凝聚力减轻员工在感知组织无法符合他们期望时产生的离职倾向。

6研究局限与展望

本文采用横断性 (Cross-sectional) 的研究设计,限制了因果关系推论上的正确程度。首先,组织政治知觉、心理契约违反、群体凝聚力都是和时间存在相关性的因素,尤其是员工的心理契约违反,它应该是一个受所处工作环境及时间持续变化而不断改变的一种心理状态。因此严格来说,因果关系推论的基础应是基于纵贯性 (Longitudinal) 的研究设计。故建议后续的研究者可朝此方向做更进一步的分析与探讨。

其次,本文虽然结合了群体层次与个体层次的影响变量,同时也控制了群体特性变量(例如群体规模、群体工作属性),但由于在实际的情境中,组织属于嵌套结构,组织中的个人在组织中除了可能受到来自于工作群体最直接的系统影响外,还会受到更高层次(即组织)因素的影响,例如组织规模、组织所属产业特性等。因此,建议后续研究者,为了更真实地反映组织中发生的现象,在研究设计时应考虑更多层次的影响因素,从而尽量真实地呈现组织的全貌。

参考文献:

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[2]Kacmar K M, Baron R A. Organizational Politics: The State of the Field, Links to Related Processes, and an Agenda for Future Research [A]. G R Ferris.Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management[C]. Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999. 1-39.

[3]Morrison E W, Robinson S L. When Employees Feel Betrayed: A Model of How Psychological Contract Violation Develops [J]. Academy of Management Review,1997(22): 226-256.

[4]Gouldner A W. The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement [J]. American Sociological Review, 1960(25): 161-178.

[5]Eisenberger R, Huntington R, Hutchison S, Sowa D. Perceived Organizational Support [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986(71), 500-507.

[6]Ferris G R, Russ G S, Fandt P M. Politics in Organizations [A]. R A Giacalone, P Rosenfeld, Impression Management in the Organization [C]. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.1989. 143-170.

[7]Widmeyer W N, Brawley L R, Carron Albert V. Group Dynamics in Sport [A]. Horn, Thelma S, Advances in Sport Psychology [C]. Champaign, IL, England: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1992. 163-180.

[8]Kacmar K M, Carlson D S. Further Validation of the Perceptions of Politics Scale: A Multiple Sample Investigation [J]. Journal of Management, 1997(23): 627-658.

[9]Robinson S L, Morrison E W. The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000(21): 525-546.

[10]Konovsky M A, Cropanzano R. Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing as a Predictor of Employee Attitudes and Job Performance [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991(76): 698-707.

[11]Dobbins G H, Zaccaro S J. The Effects of Group Cohesion and Leader Behavior on Subordinate Satisfaction [J]. Goup and Organization Studies, 1986(11): 203-219.

[12]Price J L. The Study of Turnover [M]. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1977.

[13]Mobley W H. Intermediate Linkages in the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1977(62): 237-240.

[14]Baron R M, Kenny D A. The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychology Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Consideration [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986(51): 1173-1182.

(责任编辑:杨锐)

[2]Kacmar K M, Baron R A. Organizational Politics: The State of the Field, Links to Related Processes, and an Agenda for Future Research [A]. G R Ferris.Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management[C]. Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999. 1-39.

[3]Morrison E W, Robinson S L. When Employees Feel Betrayed: A Model of How Psychological Contract Violation Develops [J]. Academy of Management Review,1997(22): 226-256.

[4]Gouldner A W. The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement [J]. American Sociological Review, 1960(25): 161-178.

[5]Eisenberger R, Huntington R, Hutchison S, Sowa D. Perceived Organizational Support [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986(71), 500-507.

[6]Ferris G R, Russ G S, Fandt P M. Politics in Organizations [A]. R A Giacalone, P Rosenfeld, Impression Management in the Organization [C]. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.1989. 143-170.

[7]Widmeyer W N, Brawley L R, Carron Albert V. Group Dynamics in Sport [A]. Horn, Thelma S, Advances in Sport Psychology [C]. Champaign, IL, England: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1992. 163-180.

[8]Kacmar K M, Carlson D S. Further Validation of the Perceptions of Politics Scale: A Multiple Sample Investigation [J]. Journal of Management, 1997(23): 627-658.

[9]Robinson S L, Morrison E W. The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000(21): 525-546.

[10]Konovsky M A, Cropanzano R. Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing as a Predictor of Employee Attitudes and Job Performance [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991(76): 698-707.

[11]Dobbins G H, Zaccaro S J. The Effects of Group Cohesion and Leader Behavior on Subordinate Satisfaction [J]. Goup and Organization Studies, 1986(11): 203-219.

[12]Price J L. The Study of Turnover [M]. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1977.

[13]Mobley W H. Intermediate Linkages in the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1977(62): 237-240.

[14]Baron R M, Kenny D A. The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychology Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Consideration [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986(51): 1173-1182.

(责任编辑:杨锐)

[2]Kacmar K M, Baron R A. Organizational Politics: The State of the Field, Links to Related Processes, and an Agenda for Future Research [A]. G R Ferris.Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management[C]. Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999. 1-39.

[3]Morrison E W, Robinson S L. When Employees Feel Betrayed: A Model of How Psychological Contract Violation Develops [J]. Academy of Management Review,1997(22): 226-256.

[4]Gouldner A W. The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement [J]. American Sociological Review, 1960(25): 161-178.

[5]Eisenberger R, Huntington R, Hutchison S, Sowa D. Perceived Organizational Support [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986(71), 500-507.

[6]Ferris G R, Russ G S, Fandt P M. Politics in Organizations [A]. R A Giacalone, P Rosenfeld, Impression Management in the Organization [C]. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.1989. 143-170.

[7]Widmeyer W N, Brawley L R, Carron Albert V. Group Dynamics in Sport [A]. Horn, Thelma S, Advances in Sport Psychology [C]. Champaign, IL, England: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1992. 163-180.

[8]Kacmar K M, Carlson D S. Further Validation of the Perceptions of Politics Scale: A Multiple Sample Investigation [J]. Journal of Management, 1997(23): 627-658.

[9]Robinson S L, Morrison E W. The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000(21): 525-546.

[10]Konovsky M A, Cropanzano R. Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing as a Predictor of Employee Attitudes and Job Performance [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991(76): 698-707.

[11]Dobbins G H, Zaccaro S J. The Effects of Group Cohesion and Leader Behavior on Subordinate Satisfaction [J]. Goup and Organization Studies, 1986(11): 203-219.

[12]Price J L. The Study of Turnover [M]. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1977.

[13]Mobley W H. Intermediate Linkages in the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1977(62): 237-240.

[14]Baron R M, Kenny D A. The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychology Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Consideration [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986(51): 1173-1182.

(责任编辑:杨锐)

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