征收环境税对经济和污染排放的影响

2015-01-13 21:17秦昌波王金南葛察忠高树婷刘倩倩
中国人口·资源与环境 2015年1期
关键词:经济影响

秦昌波+王金南+葛察忠+高树婷+刘倩倩

摘要资源短缺、环境容量有限已经成为我国国情新的基本特征,而我国经济总量将继续扩大,资源环境压力将持续加大。开征环境税被认为是减少污染排放和促进发展方式转型的有效经济政策之一。本文利用GREAT-E模型分析环境税改革后不同税率水平对宏观经济、污染减排、收入水平、产业结构、贸易结构和要素需求的影响,为制定相关的环境税制度和政策提供决策支持依据。模拟结果表明,征收环境税对中国宏观经济的影响非常有限,GDP的下降在可承受的范围之内;相对而言,征收环境税对污染物的减排作用远大于对经济发展的抑制作用,较高税率的环境税能够较大幅度的减少污染物的排放。模拟结果表明,征收环境税有利于产业结构优化调整,重污染行业受到抑制,而清洁产业反而加快发展。征收环境税会抑制重污染产品出口,提升清洁行业的出口竞争力,降低贸易顺差对我国环境的影响。这主要是因为重污染行业因为成本的增加,减少了生产规模,释放出的资本和劳动力等要素资源被转移到了清洁产业,从而促进了这些产业的发展。征收环境税在增加政府收入的同时会对居民福利产生一定的负面影响,但是考虑到污染减排能够带来环境质量的改善,进而产生正面的居民福利效应和社会效应,环境税征收产生的社会负面影响实际上要小于模拟结果。为了促进环境成本内部化,建议提高污染税/费标准。由于现有排污收费标准偏低,远低于污染治理成本,很多企业宁愿缴纳排污费也不愿意治理污染。因此未来开征环境税应将税率应至少与治理成本相当,通过将环境成本完全内部化,达到促进污染者减少污染排放的目标。另一方面,建议政府通过减免所得税或者向弱势群体提供补贴等方式减少环境税征收的负面影响。

关键词环境税;排污收费;可计算一般均衡模型;经济影响

中图分类号X196文献标识码A

文章编号1002-2104(2015)01-0017-07doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2015.01.003

资源相对短缺、环境容量有限已经成为我国国情新的基本特征,而我国经济总量将继续扩大,资源环境压力将持续加大。开征环境税是促进我国节能减排和发展方式转型的有效环境经济手段之一。2011年10月国务院印发《关于加强环境保护重点工作的意见(国发〔2011〕35号)》提出“积极推进环境税费改革,研究开征环境保护税”,为我国环境税的制定和实施提供了契机。

1背景

环境税最早是在上世纪二十年代由英国经济学家Arthur C.Pigou在其外部性研究理论中提出,Pigou认为要使环境成本内部化,需要政府采取税收或补贴的形式来对市场进行干预,是私人边际成本与社会边际成本相一致。形成于上世纪60年代末的“污染者付费原则(the Polluter Pays Principle)”为环境税征税对象的确定提供了理论依据。该原则出发点是商品价格应充分体现生产成本和消耗的资源,利用经济手段将污染防治的资源重新分配以减少污染、合理使用环境资源。

环境税有利于推动污染排放产生的外部负效应内部化,促使经济主体自觉地通过成本效益分析,加强污染治理或者采用更清洁的生产工艺,从而减少污染物的排放。但是征收环境税将会在一定程度上影响生产成本、商品供应与需求,从而对经济增长和居民福利等方面造成一定影响。因此,环境税收政策在具体应用前,需要回答一系列根本的问题:什么是合理的环境税税率水平?环境税会对中国的污染排放造成什么影响?对中国经济造成什么样的总体影响?对中国的产业结构和贸易结构有何影响?等。

可计算一般均衡模型(CGE,Computable General  Equilibrium Model)作为经济学领域有效的实证分析工具,能够为回答上述问题提供有力支持,为环境税征收的经济影响和环境影响提供定量分析手段。武亚军和宣晓伟[1]构建了一个硫税静态CGE模型,进行中国硫税政策效果模拟分析。结果表明:征收硫税会给我国GDP带来负效应,但却有利于能源结构和经济结构调整,大大降低二氧化硫的排放。王灿等[2]利用CGE模型研究二氧化碳减排的经济影响,发现碳税会使煤和天然气产量大幅下降,使用和电力行业产量将上升以满足总的能源需求。庞军等[3]根据“能源-经济-环境”CGE模型模拟了中国征收燃油税的经济影响。Qin et al[4]利用环境经济一般均衡分析系统(GREATE,GeneRal Eqiulibrium Analysis sysTem for Environment)分析了水污染物总量控制目标和排污交易政策的经济影响。Qin et al[5]将水资源作为一种生产要素纳入CGE模型中开发了水资源一般均衡分析系统(GREATW,GeneRal Eqiulibrium Analysis sysTem for Water),分析了提高水资源费征收标准对中国经济和水资源利用效率的影响。Qin et al[6]利用多区域水资源CGE模型分析了京津冀地区减少地下水超采、南水北调和用水再分配多项政策措施对不同区域和不同行业的经济影响。本文利用GREATE模型分析环境税改革后不同税率水平对宏观经济、污染减排、收入水平、产业结构、贸易结构和要素需求的影响,为制定相关的环境税制度和政策提供决策支持服务。

秦昌波等:征收环境税对经济和污染排放的影响

中国人口·资源与环境2015年第1期

2数据与方法

2.1GREATE模型简介

GREATE模型利用基于通用代数模型系统(GAMS,General Algebraic Modeling System)的一般均衡数学编程系统(MPSGE,Mathematical Program System for General Equilibrium)开发而成[7]。GREATE模型包含了新古典静态CGE模型的一般结构[8]。图1给出了GREATE模型的基本结构。模型的建模基本思想是模拟宏观经济运行中生产引发收入、收入产生需求,需求带动生产的循环过程。在生产的过程中,生产部门不是价格的决策者而是价格的接受者,因此企业(部门)必须在一定的技术条件下,按照成本利润最大化或者既定利润成本最小化的原则来进行生产决策。决策在生产可能性边界约束下,按收入最大化原则确定该部门产出中用于内销和出口的相对份额构成。在规模不变的假设下,各部门的总产出不能由生产者决定,而是由均衡条件决定。即生产者需要进行投入决策,要在该部门总的均衡条件决定的前提下,选择中间投入和要素有效投入水平,使生产成本最小化。模型假定一种商品只能被一个生产者所生产。模型中采用多层嵌套的CES函数来描述生产要素之间的不同替代性。在第一层次,最终产出有合成中间投入和合成要素禀赋的组合决定,采用CES函数来描述其替代性。在第二层次,合成中间投入采用Leontief函数描述为对各部门中间产品的需求;而要素禀赋合成束采用CES函数描述污染排放和资本-劳动力合成束的组合。在第三层次,采用Leontief函数描述各部门对不同污染物的需求,资本-劳动力合成束则采用CES函数描述资本和劳动力之间的组合关系。劳动力、资本可以根据研究的需要做进一步的分解。生产中各种要素间可替代的程度取决于它们的替代弹性和在基准年生产过程中的份额。模型采用Armington假设来描述进口商品和国内产品之间的不完全替代关系,通过CES函数描述最终消费在最小化成本的原则下,对进口商品和国内产品之间的优化选择。生产者生产出的产品根据收入最大化原则按CET函数在出口与国内市场间分配。

图1GREATE模型的基本结构

Fig.1General structure of GREATE Model

2.2环境社会核算矩阵

要利用CGE模型开展政策模拟,就需要有高质量的数据集作支撑,数据问题在求解CGE模型过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。一般均衡模型全面反映了社会经济各个主体间的经济行为和经济联系,因此在模型中变量初始值的确定、方程中参数的标定,必然涉及社会经济体中各方面大量的数据,这些数据反映了国民生产总值核算、投入产出核算、资金流量核算、资产负债核算和国际收支核算五项内容。社会核算矩阵是一定时期内(通常是一年)对一国(或者一个地区)经济的全面描述。社会核算矩阵把投入产出表和国民经济核算表结合在一起,整合到一张表上,全面描述了整个经济的图景,它反映了经济系统一般均衡的基本特点,为CGE模型提供了必要而完备的数据基础。

由于我国缺乏官方发布的SAM表,同时,传统SAM表没有包含污染排放账户。因此,本研究以国民经济投入产出表为主要数据来源,通过增加非生产性机构账户(如居民、政府、国外等)构建社会核算矩阵。然后,通过单列环境污染排放要素账户,设计并编制能够反映污染排放与经济部门之间全面数量关系的环境经济一体化社会核算矩阵,从而将环境系统和经济系统统一在一个框架下。本研究利用2007年中国135部门投入产出表将国民经济合并为16个行业部门,部门列表见表1所示。

生产活动、商品、出口和进口账户数据来源于2007年中国投入产出表,政府收入和支出数据来源于《中国财政年鉴2008》[9],税收数据来源《中国税务年鉴2008》[10],家

庭储蓄和政府储蓄数据来源于《中国统计年鉴2008》的资

金流量表[11]。化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫和氮氧化物的排放量及排污收费数据来源于《中国环境统计年报2007》[12]。本研究编制的中国2007年环境社会核算矩阵简表见表2所示。

3税率情景设置

我国现行排污费标准低于污染治理成本和污染损害成本。根据现行的排污收费标准,化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫和氮氧化物的征收标准分别只有0.7元/kg、0.875元/kg、0.63 元/kg和0.63 元/kg。无论继续执行现行的排污收费政策还是将来出台环境税,我国都面临提高征收标准的现实选择。为了评估征收环境税对中国经济和污染减排的影响,本研究设置1个基准情景和4个模拟情景进行分析。基准情景假设环境税征收税率平移目前的排污收费标准,模拟情景假设环境税征收标准相比现有排污收费标准分别提高2倍、4倍、6倍和8倍,具体征收标准见表3。

4结果与讨论

4.1对宏观经济和污染减排的影响

征收环境税对实际GDP的影响非常小,但能取得相对明显的污染减排效果。从表4给出得模拟结果来看,在环境税征收标准提高2倍、4倍、6倍和8倍的情况下,实际GDP仅分别下降0.018,0.055,0.092和0.128个百分点。相对GDP的轻微下降幅度来讲,征收环境税对减少污染物排放的作用较为明显。在环境税征收标准提高8倍的情况下,COD、氨氮、二氧化硫和氮氧化物的总排放量分别减少0.5%、0.2%、1.9%和1.7%。总体来看,征收环境税对大气污染物的减排作用大于水污染物。这主要是因为大气污染物的排放量大于水污染物的排放量,较高的大气污染环境税征收抑制大气污染排放强度高的行业发展的同时,促进了大气污染排放强度低的行业发展。而一些大气污染排放强度低的行业可能排放较大强度的水污染物,这会对水污染物的减排产生抵消作用。

征收环境税会导致进出口总量的下降。环境税的征收推高产品销售价格,从而影响产品的出口竞争力。在环境税提高到现行排污费征收标准的8倍时,总出口会面临0.38个百分点的下降。由于国内需求的下降,总进口也会出现一定幅度的下降。在环境税提高到现行排污费征收标准的8倍时,总进口会下降0.5个百分点。

征收环境税会减少居民可支配收入,但能显著增加政府收入。过高的环境税征收标准会影响居民的收入,而且对农村居民的影响高于城镇居民,表明环境税的征收对相对弱势的群体影响更为明显。这主要是因为环境税推高了消费品价格,弱势群体对物价上涨的承受能力更弱。在环境税提高到现行排污费征收标准的8倍时,政府财政收入能够提高4.8个百分点。政府收入的增加使得政府有财力通过减免所得税或者为弱势群体提供补贴来减少环境税征收给居民福利带来的负面影响。

4.2对行业生产结构的影响

表5列出了我国征收环境税时各行业产出水平和产出价格的变化百分比。就产出水平而言,征收环境税会抑制污染排放强度的大的行业,而且税率越高,抑制作用越明显;对于污染强度较小的行业,征收环境税反而会促进其发展。产出水平下降幅度最大的行业是电力行业,其次是畜禽养殖、采掘业、食品业和化工产业。从价格水平变化情况来看,价格增加较大的行业往往也是产出水平下降较大的行业。电子通信与仪器仪表产业、服务业是产出水平增长较大的行业,这主要是因为一些高污染行业的生产受到抑制后,资本和劳动力被转移到了这些相对清洁的产业。对于种植业和林业,尽管并不征收环境税,但由于产业关联度较为密切的畜禽养殖、食品和服装纺织等行业产出水平的下降降低了对其产品的畜禽,其产出水平也出现了较大幅度的下降。

4.3对进出口贸易结构的影响

征收环境税会抑制重污染产品出口,提升清洁行业的出口竞争力,降低贸易顺差对我国环境的影响。表6列出了我国征收环境税时各行业进出口相比征税之前的变化百分比。畜禽养殖、采掘业、木材加工及造纸印刷业、石油冶炼及加工业、化学工业、非金属矿物制造业、金属冶炼及制品业等重污染行业的出口下降明显,而且税率越高,出口下降幅度越大。而电子通信及仪器仪表产业和服务业出口增加明显,在环境税提高到现行排污费征收标准的8倍时,其增长幅度分别达到2.1和1.4个百分点。由于环境税的征收改变了国内生产结构,国内需求的变化导致进口结构也产生了相应的变化。

4.4对要素需求结构的影响

总体来看,征收环境税将促进劳动力和资本等要素从

高污染行业向低污染行业转移。表7列出了我国征收环境税时各行业劳动力投入及资本投入相比征税之前的变化百分比。电力、畜禽养殖、木材加工及造纸印刷业、食品产业是要素投入下降最大的四个行业。而电子通信与仪器仪表产业、装备制造、服务业等行业的要素投入则增加明显。主要是因为这些行业污染强度低,可以吸纳重污染行业释放出的劳动力和资本加快自身发展。

5结论

本文利用GREAT-E模型分析环境税改革后不同税率水平对宏观经济、污染减排、收入水平、产业结构、贸易结构和要素需求的影响。模拟结果表明,征收环境税对中国宏观经济的影响非常有限,GDP的下降在可承受的范围之内。相对而言,征收环境税对污染物的减排作用远大于对经济发展的抑制作用。较高税率的环境税能够较大幅度的减少污染物的排放。征收环境税在增加政府收入的同时会对居民福利产生一定的负面影响。但是考虑到污染减排能够带来环境质量的改善,进而产生正面的居民福利效应和社会效应,环境税征收产生的社会负面影响实际上要小于模拟结果。

征收环境税会对不同的行业产生不同的影响,重污染行业受到抑制,而清洁产业反而加快发展。这主要是因为重污染行业因为成本的增加,减少了生产规模,释放出的资本和劳动力等要素资源被转移到了清洁产业,从而促进了这些产业的发展。

为了促进环境成本内部化,建议提高污染税/费标准。由于现有排污收费标准偏低,远低于污染治理成本,很多企业宁愿缴纳排污费也不愿意治理污染。因此未来开征环境税应降税率应至少与治理成本相当,促进污染者减少污染排放。在环境税开征之前,则可以通过提高现有排污收费标准,达到提高排污成本,促进环境成本内部化的目标。另一方面,建议政府通过减免所得税或者向弱势群体提供补贴等方式减少环境税征收的负面影响。

(编辑:王爱萍)

参考文献(References)

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[3]庞军, 邹骥, 傅莎. 应用CGE模型分析中国征收燃油税的经济影响[J]. 经济问题探索, 2008, (11):69-73. [Pang Jun, Zou Ji, Fu Sha. Economic Effects of Levying Fuel Oil Taxes in China Based on CGE Model Analysis[J]. Inquiry into Economic Issues, 2008, (11):69-73.]

[4]Qin C, Bresser H J A, Su Z, et al. Economic Impacts of Water Pollution Control Policy in China: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis[J].Environmental Research Letters, 2011. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044026.

[5]Qin C, Jia Y, Su Z, et al. The Economic Impact of Water Tax Charges in China: A Static Computable General Equilibrium Analysis[J]. Water International, 2012,37:3, 279-292.

[6]Qin C, Su Z, Bresser H J A, et al. Assessing the Economic Impact of North Chinas Water Scarcity Mitigation Strategy: A Multiregion, Waterextended Computable General Equilibrium Analysis[J]. Water International, 2013, 38:6, 701-723.

[7]Rutherford R T. Economic Equilibrium Modeling with GAMS: An Introduction to MS/MCP and GAMS/MPSGE[J/OL]. Draft Monograph, 1998. www.gams.com/doc/solver/mpsge.pdf.

[8]Robinson S, et al. From Stylized to Applied Models: Building Multisector CGE Models for Policy Analysis[J]. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance,1999, 1, 5–38.

[9]财政部.中国财政年鉴2008[M].北京: 中国财政经济出版社,2008.  [Ministry of Finance. Finance Yearbook of China 2008[M]. Beijing: China Financial and Economic Publishing House, 2008.]

[10]国家税务总局.中国税务年鉴2008[M]. 北京: 中国税务出版社. [State Administration of Taxation. China Taxation Yearbook 2008[M]. Beijing: China Tax Publishing House, 2008.]

[11]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2008[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社. [National Bureau of Statistics. China Statistical Yearbook 2008[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2008.]

[12]环境保护部.中国环境统计年报2007[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社. [Ministry of Environmental Protection. Annual Statistic Report on Environment in China 2007[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2008.]

Economic and Emission Impact Analysis of Reforming Chinas

Environmental Taxes System

QIN ChangboWANG JinnanGE ChazhongGAO ShutingLIU Qianqian

(Environmental Economic Institute, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China)

AbstractResources shortage and limited environmental capacity have already been the new basic characters of Chinas national conditions. Whats more, the economy in China will continually develop and environmental pressure will be getting higher. Collecting environmental taxes is considered as one of the effective economic policies for reducing pollution emissions and promoting development transformation. To supply supporting evidences for relative policy making, this article uses GREATE model to analyze the influences of different tax rates on macro economy, pollution reduction, income level, industrial structure, trade structure and factor demand after reform of environmental taxes. The results of simulation show that collecting environmental taxes has a limited effect on Chinas macro economy and the decline of GDP is within a range that can be stood. Relatively speaking, the positive effect on pollution reduction is far beyond the inhibition effect on economic development. The results also illustrates collecting environmental taxes is good for structure adjustment, inhibition of heavy pollution industry and development of clean industry. Also, it will limit the export of heavy pollution products, boost the export competitiveness of clean products and the environmental impact of trade surplus will be reduced. Due to the increasing cost of heavy pollution industry and the reducing production scale, the releasing elements including capital and labor are transferred to clean industry, so that these industries will be vigorously developed. Collecting environmental taxes could increase government revenue while have a negative effect on residents welfare. But considering the changes of environmental quality brought by pollution reduction, as well as the positive resident welfare effect and social effect, the actual negative influence will be smaller than that in simulation result. To promote environmental cost internalization, it is suggested to increase the standard of pollution taxes/charges. Since the current standard of discharge fee is much lower than the cost of pollution control, most of enterprises prefer to pay for the fee instead of pollution control. So the environmental tax rate should be at least equal to the cost of pollution control, then pollution emissions will be reduced by environmental cost internalization. On the other hand, this article suggests government reduce the negative effects brought by collecting environmental taxes by income taxes reduction and subsidy supply for the disadvantaged.

Key wordsenvironmental taxation; effluent fee; CGE; economic impact

[9]财政部.中国财政年鉴2008[M].北京: 中国财政经济出版社,2008.  [Ministry of Finance. Finance Yearbook of China 2008[M]. Beijing: China Financial and Economic Publishing House, 2008.]

[10]国家税务总局.中国税务年鉴2008[M]. 北京: 中国税务出版社. [State Administration of Taxation. China Taxation Yearbook 2008[M]. Beijing: China Tax Publishing House, 2008.]

[11]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2008[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社. [National Bureau of Statistics. China Statistical Yearbook 2008[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2008.]

[12]环境保护部.中国环境统计年报2007[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社. [Ministry of Environmental Protection. Annual Statistic Report on Environment in China 2007[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2008.]

Economic and Emission Impact Analysis of Reforming Chinas

Environmental Taxes System

QIN ChangboWANG JinnanGE ChazhongGAO ShutingLIU Qianqian

(Environmental Economic Institute, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China)

AbstractResources shortage and limited environmental capacity have already been the new basic characters of Chinas national conditions. Whats more, the economy in China will continually develop and environmental pressure will be getting higher. Collecting environmental taxes is considered as one of the effective economic policies for reducing pollution emissions and promoting development transformation. To supply supporting evidences for relative policy making, this article uses GREATE model to analyze the influences of different tax rates on macro economy, pollution reduction, income level, industrial structure, trade structure and factor demand after reform of environmental taxes. The results of simulation show that collecting environmental taxes has a limited effect on Chinas macro economy and the decline of GDP is within a range that can be stood. Relatively speaking, the positive effect on pollution reduction is far beyond the inhibition effect on economic development. The results also illustrates collecting environmental taxes is good for structure adjustment, inhibition of heavy pollution industry and development of clean industry. Also, it will limit the export of heavy pollution products, boost the export competitiveness of clean products and the environmental impact of trade surplus will be reduced. Due to the increasing cost of heavy pollution industry and the reducing production scale, the releasing elements including capital and labor are transferred to clean industry, so that these industries will be vigorously developed. Collecting environmental taxes could increase government revenue while have a negative effect on residents welfare. But considering the changes of environmental quality brought by pollution reduction, as well as the positive resident welfare effect and social effect, the actual negative influence will be smaller than that in simulation result. To promote environmental cost internalization, it is suggested to increase the standard of pollution taxes/charges. Since the current standard of discharge fee is much lower than the cost of pollution control, most of enterprises prefer to pay for the fee instead of pollution control. So the environmental tax rate should be at least equal to the cost of pollution control, then pollution emissions will be reduced by environmental cost internalization. On the other hand, this article suggests government reduce the negative effects brought by collecting environmental taxes by income taxes reduction and subsidy supply for the disadvantaged.

Key wordsenvironmental taxation; effluent fee; CGE; economic impact

[9]财政部.中国财政年鉴2008[M].北京: 中国财政经济出版社,2008.  [Ministry of Finance. Finance Yearbook of China 2008[M]. Beijing: China Financial and Economic Publishing House, 2008.]

[10]国家税务总局.中国税务年鉴2008[M]. 北京: 中国税务出版社. [State Administration of Taxation. China Taxation Yearbook 2008[M]. Beijing: China Tax Publishing House, 2008.]

[11]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2008[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社. [National Bureau of Statistics. China Statistical Yearbook 2008[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2008.]

[12]环境保护部.中国环境统计年报2007[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社. [Ministry of Environmental Protection. Annual Statistic Report on Environment in China 2007[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2008.]

Economic and Emission Impact Analysis of Reforming Chinas

Environmental Taxes System

QIN ChangboWANG JinnanGE ChazhongGAO ShutingLIU Qianqian

(Environmental Economic Institute, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China)

AbstractResources shortage and limited environmental capacity have already been the new basic characters of Chinas national conditions. Whats more, the economy in China will continually develop and environmental pressure will be getting higher. Collecting environmental taxes is considered as one of the effective economic policies for reducing pollution emissions and promoting development transformation. To supply supporting evidences for relative policy making, this article uses GREATE model to analyze the influences of different tax rates on macro economy, pollution reduction, income level, industrial structure, trade structure and factor demand after reform of environmental taxes. The results of simulation show that collecting environmental taxes has a limited effect on Chinas macro economy and the decline of GDP is within a range that can be stood. Relatively speaking, the positive effect on pollution reduction is far beyond the inhibition effect on economic development. The results also illustrates collecting environmental taxes is good for structure adjustment, inhibition of heavy pollution industry and development of clean industry. Also, it will limit the export of heavy pollution products, boost the export competitiveness of clean products and the environmental impact of trade surplus will be reduced. Due to the increasing cost of heavy pollution industry and the reducing production scale, the releasing elements including capital and labor are transferred to clean industry, so that these industries will be vigorously developed. Collecting environmental taxes could increase government revenue while have a negative effect on residents welfare. But considering the changes of environmental quality brought by pollution reduction, as well as the positive resident welfare effect and social effect, the actual negative influence will be smaller than that in simulation result. To promote environmental cost internalization, it is suggested to increase the standard of pollution taxes/charges. Since the current standard of discharge fee is much lower than the cost of pollution control, most of enterprises prefer to pay for the fee instead of pollution control. So the environmental tax rate should be at least equal to the cost of pollution control, then pollution emissions will be reduced by environmental cost internalization. On the other hand, this article suggests government reduce the negative effects brought by collecting environmental taxes by income taxes reduction and subsidy supply for the disadvantaged.

Key wordsenvironmental taxation; effluent fee; CGE; economic impact

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