状语从句易错易混点剖析

2017-03-23 23:49龚磊陈慈明
高中生学习·高二版 2017年3期
关键词:虚拟语气主句连词

龚磊+陈慈明

高考试题中对状语从句主要从从句的引导词及从句的作用等方面进行考查。笔者在此结合近年来各地的高考试题,为同学们梳理一下状语从句易错易混点。

[状语从句连词的误用]

不同的状语从句有不同的从句引导词,下面是不同类别的状语从句的常用引导词。

目的状语从句:in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。

结果状语从句:so that,so ... that,such ... that等。

让步状语从句:although,though,even though,even if,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等。

方式状语从句:as,as if,as though,the way等。

地点状语从句:where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等。

比较状语从句:than和as ... as。

条件状语从句:if,unless,as/so long as,in case等。

原因狀语从句because,as,since,seeing (that),now (that),considering (that) 等。

时间状语从句:when,while,as,before,after,until,till,since,as soon as,the moment,the minute,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no sooner ... than,hardly/scarcely ... when,every/each time,the first time,the last time,next time等。

对状语从句从属连词的意义和使用范围不够熟悉,往往会导致答题失误。

例1 (2016·北京卷) 27. My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ______ hes in his nineties.

A. as long as B. as if

C. even though D. in case

解析 C。考查状语从句。句意:即使90多岁了,爷爷仍然时不时打网球。as long as“只要”,引导条件句;as if“似乎”,引导方式状语从句;even though“即使”,引导让步状语从句;in case“以防”,引导目的状语从句。句子表达的是转折关系,故选C。

例2 (2016·江苏卷) 26. ______ some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.

A. Because B. If

C. Unless D. While

解析 D。考查连词。句意:尽管一些人被成功的渴望驱使着,但是其他人却是被失败的恐惧驱使着前进。because“因为”;if“如果”;unless“除非”,“如果……不”;while“尽管,然而,当……时”。根据句意可知上下文之间存在转折关系,所以使用while(尽管……)连接。

例3 (2016 浙江卷) 5. _______ online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.

A. Since B. After

C. While D. Unless

解析 C。句意:尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活,但是不是所有的影响都是积极的。while引导让步状语从句,意为“尽管,虽然”;since“既然,自从”;after“在……之后”;unless“除非”。

点拨 对于对状语从句连词的考查,同学们做题时应读懂试题的意思,根据题目所表达的含义来选择合适的连词;对一些含义相近的连词以及搭配,如until/when/since等词语,一定要搞清楚各自使用范围。

[状语从句的时态的误用]

在我们解答状语从句这类题目时,往往会因为忽视时态要求而失分。同学们注意以下几种情况。

1. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,当主句的谓语动词用了一般将来时或一般现在时,从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来。

例4 If you dont go to the park tomorrow, neither do I.

解析 do→will。句意:如果你明天不去公园,我也不去。条件状语从句主句的谓语动词用了一般将来时,从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来。

2. when, before, after引导的从句的动作与主句动作的先后关系。

例5 (2016·上海卷) When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30) _______ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didnt need to keep it a secret (31) _______ me.

解析 Before;from。考查连词和介词。连词before引导时间状语从句,在句中有多种翻译方法,本句意为“还没来得及……就…….”,句意:她还没有来得及反应过来,我就紧紧地抱着她并告诉她这件事情不必对我保密。

3. by (the time)后接时间状语或时间状语从句,根据从句所表达的时间概念,主句的谓语动词的时态相应有过去完成时、现在完成时(现在完成进行时)和将来完成时(将来完成进行时)。试比较:

By the time you arrived, we had finished our work. (过去)

By the time you arrive, we will have finished our work. (将来)

点拨 状语从句的时态往往有固定的规则,同学们只需了解主、从句中的时态要求,如“主将从现”等以及其他常见形式,就可以较好地解决相应问题。

[状语从句中倒装句的误用]

一般情况下,引导状语从句的连词应放在从句之首, 其后用陈述语序。但要注意以下几种倒装情况:

1. 表示“一……就……”的两个常见结构no sooner ... than ...和hardly/scarcely ... when ...,当no sooner,hardly和scarcely位于句首时,主句用部分倒装语序,且当从句的谓语动词用了一般过去时,主句用用过去完成时态。例如:

No sooner had I closed the door than somebody knocked.

Hardly had she finished her speech when the audience started cheering.

2. as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。被提前的部分可以是从句的表语、状语或动词原形。被前置的表语是单数名词时,须省略冠词。例如:

Child as/though he is, he is as brave as an adult.=Although he is a child, he is as brave as an adult.

Fast as/though he ran, he couldnt catch up with his friend.=Although he ran fast, he couldnt catch up with his friend.

Interesting as/though the book was, Jim threw it away.=Although the book was interesting, Jim threw it away.

3. 省略if的倒装条件句。在虚拟语气中,if从句假设的情况中如果有助动词had,should和were,那么可省略if,把had,should和were放在句首构成倒装。如:

If he had finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.=Had he finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.

If I should meet him, I would tell him about it.=Should I meet him, I would tell him about it.

例6 (2016·浙江卷) Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.

A. had not fallen B. would not fall

C. did not fall D. would not have fallen

解析 D。句意:如果政府和科学家没有共同努力,艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点减少。本句使用虚拟语气,if条件句谓语动词用的had done,将had提前,省略it,主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟。

[状语从句中虚拟语气的误用]

部分状语从句,如if引导的条件状语从句,as if/though引导的方式状语从句等,可以和虚拟语气连用,同学们在复习备考时时应引起注意。

例7 (2016·北京卷) 34. Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week? If you _______ me, I could have helped.

A. told B. had told

C. were to tell D. would tell

解析 B。题目考查if引导的虚拟語气。句意:上周你为什么没有告诉我你有麻烦?如果你告诉我的话,我就可以帮助你了。这里是对过去发生的事情的假设,条件句的时态应用过去完成时,故选B。

例8 (2016·江苏卷) 27. If it _______ for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.

A. had not been B. should not be

C. were not to be D. should not have been

解析 A。考查虚拟语气。本句属于错综条件句的虚拟语气。if引导的条件状语从句与过去事实相反,所以使用过去完成时,主句与现在事实相反,所以使用“情态动词+动词原形”。句意:如果不是因为前几天他的邀请,我现在就不会在这里了。故A正确。

[状语从句中省略句的误用]

在状语从句的部分从句中,如果从句的主语与主句主语相同,则可将从句的主语和be动词省略,例如:

1. 由when,while,before,after,whenever,till,until,since,once,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句。

When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano.

Whenever (it is) possible, you should come and help.

You should let us know the result as soon as (it is) possible.

2. 由though,although,even if,even though,while,whether ... or ...等引导的让步状语从句。

Although (he was) frightened, he managed to ran away.

Her opinion, whether (it was) right or wrong, deserved our attention.

3. 由if,unless等引导的条件状语从句。

Send the goods now if (they are) ready.

If (it is) necessary, ring me at home.

Come along with me if (it is) possible.

He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited.

4. 由as if,as though等引导的方式状语从句。

He opened the desk, as if (he was) in search of something important.

The football player is rolling on the ground as if (he is) hurt badly in the leg.

[than引导的比较状语从句中省略的误用]

针对than引导的比较状语从句,同学们要注意主句和从句主语相同时,从句的主、谓语和be动词省略的情况。同学们还要注意省略部分与逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。

The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected. 这次展览比预料的有趣的多。

例9 You should stay where you are, unless asking to leave.

解析 asking→asked。句意:除非叫你动,你应该待在你现在的地方不动。该句相当于:You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave.动词与主語之间构成被动关系,故用asked。

从句的主语与主句主语一致,才可将从句的主语和be动词进行省略。试比较下面两个例子:

Even if I am invited, he wont go to such a bad lecture.

即使邀我去,他都不想听如此坏的报告。

Even if (I am) invited, I wont go to such a bad lecture.

即使邀我去,我都不想听如此坏的报告。

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