慢性肾脏病的患病率及危险因素荟萃分析

2018-05-23 09:46蔡卿卿刘丁阳汪秀英
中国老年学杂志 2018年9期
关键词:汇总肾脏病患病率

卓 琳 蔡卿卿 刘丁阳 汪秀英

(新乡医学院基础医学院2015级5班,河南 新乡 453003)

慢性肾脏病(CKD)的早期的检测和预防是全球的迫切需求。但CKD的病因研究仍然没有突破。2002年以后,不同地区、种族、特征的人群CKD流行病学研究不断涌现,针对CKD患病率的系统综述陆续出现〔1~3〕。这3个研究虽然明确了CKD的高患病率,但是数据异质性较大,且没有对CKD的危险因素进行统计汇总,本研究使用荟萃分析的方法,总结2009年以来新的研究证据,进一步估算CKD人群患病率并汇总其危险因素。

1 资料与方法

检索数据库:Pubmed。检索式:(((incidence〔Title〕)AND chronic kidney disease〔Title〕)OR ((prevalence〔Title〕)AND chronic kidney disease〔Title〕))。起止日期:2009年1月1日至2013年12月31日。纳入准则:英文文献,以人群为基础的CKD患病率及相关危险因素研究。文献筛选过程,见图1。

2 结 果

最终纳入26个研究〔4~29〕及CKD患病率结果,见表1。26个研究中,最大样本784 563人,最小样本454人,平均样本量88 918人。26个研究中有8个研究〔4,6,13,18,19,21,26,27〕没有报道危险因素。有7个研究〔5,6,9,12,14,17,24〕明确表示使用了生活、行为危险因素的问卷调查,但是这7个研究中,有2个研究〔6,17〕未报道危险因素。汇总的CKD平均患病率 = 206 001/2 337 875×100%=8.81%。汇总的CKD平均患病率95%CI(8.85%~8.78%)。18个研究〔5,7~12,14~17,20,22~25,28,29〕报告危险因素分别为:老年15次(83.3%);高血压13次(72.2%);女性、糖尿病各10次(55.6%);有心脏病史4次(22.2%);高三酰甘油3次(16.7%);高收缩压、高血糖、高胆固醇、肥胖、高体重指数、居住于东北地区各2次(11.1%);高舒张压、高腰臀比、高腰围值、高尿酸、高肌酐值、低蛋白血症、谷丙转氨酶升高、有肾结石史、教育程度低、婚姻状况异常、经济状况良好、使用中药各1次(5.6%)。

表1 CKD患病率和危险因素汇总表

3 讨 论

据专家预计,我国2020年每百万人口中,终末期肾脏疾病(ESRD)患者将达到207人;每年新进入的ESRD患者约26万人〔30〕。ESRD常常合并贫血、炎症、营养不良、肾性骨病、神经精神异常,同时心血管疾病(CVD)发病率、死亡率较高,而且血液净化治疗费用昂贵等问题给患者的身心健康、家庭经济负担及整个社会的医疗资源配置等造成沉重的负担,尤其是发展中国家〔31,32〕。因此,尽快开展病因研究,指导社区一级预防已经迫在眉睫。本研究汇总的相关危险因素有25个,大致可以归为6类。第一类,高龄和女性是CKD的危险因素,但也是两个不可控因素,不能用来开展一级预防。第二类,高血压(含高收缩压、高舒张压)。高血压与肾脏病关系密切,高血压既是CKD的病因,也是它的并发症之一〔33〕。既往研究显示,50%以上的CKD患者合并高血压,28.1%为难治性高血压〔34,35〕。高血压似乎成为CKD确定的危险因素,2009年的世界肾脏病日用“稳定血压保护肾脏”为口号。第三类,糖尿病(含高血糖、胰岛素抵抗),有研究表明,积极降糖,随访15年,蛋白尿患者有明显下降〔36〕。糖尿病成为继高血压之后,第二个几乎确定的危险因素,2010年世界肾脏病日用“保护您的肾脏,控制糖尿病”为主题。年龄、性别不可控,高血压、糖尿病本身病因未明,尚无有效治疗手段,似乎不能作为CKD的一级预防因素。但高血压、糖尿病的危险因素(如吸烟、饮酒、高盐饮食等)能不能作为控制CKD的危险因素?逻辑上可以,但是证据上不足,有可能是横断面研究方法使用不当。后面三类因素支持率都在22%以下,第四类因素和过度营养有关,包括高脂血症、高胆固醇血症,肥胖,体重指数(BMI)高,腰臀比高,腰围大。虽然这一类因素是可以用于CKD社区预防的,但报告支持率不高,尚存在争议。第五类因素包括生活在东北地区、教育水平低、婚姻状况不良、经济状况改善、使用中药。这一类因素虽然可控,但支持率不高,且太过笼统,并不适用于普通社区人群开展一级预防。第六类因素为CKD的并发症状或者疾病,包括:高尿酸血症、高血肌酐、低血红蛋白、谷丙转氨酶升高、心脏疾病史、肾脏结石史。临床研究表明,心脑血管疾病是CKD最常见最严重的并发症〔37〕。2011年世界肾脏病日使用“齐保肾,同护心”为主题,也反映了心脏疾病和CKD是并发关系,不是因果关系。生活行为危险因素不能被明确的主要原因是肾脏有很强的代偿功能,从有危险因素暴露到CKD结局出现,要经过10~20年的时间。有危险因素出现的时候,尚无结局。当有肾脏功能异常结局的时候,其他症状高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、心脏疾病等已经出现多年,与其相关的生活行为危险因素已经得到有效控制。这种严重的因果滞后性、因果不同步性是生活行为危险因素研究和确认的最大障碍。同时也反映了横断面研究在CKD病因研究方法的局限性。

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