营造法式：建筑新时代的起点

文/五花肉

唐宋时期，社会经济发展迅速，皇室和宗教对宫殿、寺庙等建筑的需求日益增加，前朝的建筑工艺已经不能满足此时社会对建筑数量和质量的要求。1103年，北宋官方颁布《营造法式》，对建筑设计、施工作出明确规范，并确立“以材为祖”的核心标准。

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, with the rapid economic development, the royal family's and religious demand for architectures such as palaces and temples kept increasing. Therefore, previous dynasty's architectural craftsmanship could not meet the social requirements for architectural quantity and quality at that time. In the year of 1103, the authorities of Northern Song Dynasty promulgated Yingzao Fashi(Building Formulas), a treatise on architectural methods or state building standards, explicitly standardized architectural design and construction,and established a core standard of Cai-fen System, which is an eight-grade system for sizing timber.

材有八等 规模定之Eight-grade of Cai-fen System

“凡构屋之制，皆以材为祖，材有八等，度屋之大小，因而用之。” 用材大小应与房屋之规模相对应，被视为《营造法式》（卷四）大木作制度之首要，要求始建之初就要按预制房屋大小选择材料。

"Cai-fen System is the core standard in the construction. Timber has eight grades and should be chosen in accordance with the building scale."The size of timber used corresponds to the building scale,which is considered as the fundamental ofChapter Four: Large Timber System of Yingzao Fashi.At the beginning of the construction, the selection of timber was based on the size of prefabricated building.

《营造法式》将材料分为八等，“殿身九间至十一间可用一等，殿身五间至七间可用二等”，依次递减，最小为八等，对应的是小亭榭。那么，划分这些等级的标准又是什么呢？

依据《营造法式》的图示，利用计算机技术构建的斗 模型。

Yinzao Fashidivides timber into 8 grades,"the first grade should be used when the the palace contains 9 to 11 rooms and the second grade should be used whenthe palace contains 5 to 7 rooms."Thus the grade decreases progressively to the minimum as the eighth grade, which corresponds to the pavilion. Then, what is the dividing standard?

长为十五 其厚为十A Timber Element with Certain Length and Thickness

“各以其材之广，分为十五份，以十份为其厚。”根据这一选材标准，方料的截面边长与厚度比应为3:2，边长十五份，厚度则为十份。一等材的标准方料边长固定为9寸（北宋时期计量单位），厚6寸，对应的份值应为9/15寸。其余等级的份值相应递减。

"Divide the length of timber into 15 equal parts,namely 15 units and takes 10 units out of them as its width."According to this standard, as the length is 15 units and width is 10 units, therefore the proportion of side length to thickness should be 3:2. The fixed length of the first-grade section size is 9 Cun (a unit of measurement in Northern Song Dynasty) and the fixed thickness 6 Cun, so the corresponding value of each unit is 9/15 Cun. When the grade of timber is degrading, the value of unit is decreasing accordingly.

选定了材料等级，作为构建基本单位的份值也随之确定。房屋高深、比例、构件长短均以份值的倍数规定。“凡屋宇之高深，名物之短长，皆以所用材之份为制度焉”，是为材份制。

After determining the grade of timber, the value of each unit, which is the basic unit in architectural construction, is also confirmed. The scale, proportion and component size is regulated as the multiple of the value of units."The building scale and component size should be measured by timber and value of timber units", namely the Cai-fen System.

保国寺是我国江南地区保存最为完好的北宋木结构建筑，是《营造法式》的典型实例。

全面分类 统一规制Comprehensive Classification and Unified Regulation

此后，只需确认建筑规模，即可按标准迅速确定选用材料等级、所需份数，设计、工料预算、施工等工序也得以顺利推进，此乃“以材为祖”之重要涵义，也是当时建筑实践的基本制度和标准核心。

Thereafter, once the construction scale is determined,the process including the selection of timber and its amount, design, budget planning and construction goes smoothly, which is the significant implication of this ancient architectural scale module system and is also the basic system and core standard of architectural practice at that time.

德国的雷德侯在《万物：中国艺术中的模件化和规模化生产》中对《营造法式》这样评价，“对部件的全面分类和标准化，从简单的斗 到院落，加之尺寸和等级的统一规制，使得营造成为一种理性的活动。”

Lothar Ledderose, a German, wrote a review ofYingzao Fashiin his bookThe Ten Thousand Things:Module and Mass Production in Chinese Art, saying"the comprehensive classification and standardizationon the units is used everywhere, from the Dougong,a unique structural element of interlocking wooden brackets, to the courtyard, together with the unified regulation of the sizes and grades, turns it into a rational activity."

结 语Conclusion

作为我国建筑史上大规模应用标准的典范之作，《营造法式》的横空出世，让制作高精度组合构件成为可能，推动建筑工艺在质量、承重、空间体量等方面实现跳跃式发展，部分工艺甚至沿用至今，拉开了建筑新时代的帷幕。

As a masterpiece of mass standard application in China's architectural history, the emergence ofYingzao Fashimade it possible to produce highprecision composite structure, promoting the great leap forward in architectural craftsmanship in areas such as quality, weight bearing, space volume and so forth with part of the crafts still in use up to now.Therefore,Yingzao Fashiis a starting point for the architecture in new era.