血糖波动对2型糖尿病大鼠认知功能及N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体表达的影响

2019-12-16 08:15何焰鹏刘国荣
中国当代医药 2019年30期
关键词:高血糖海马受体

何焰鹏 刘国荣

[摘要]目的 探討血糖波动对2型糖尿病大鼠认知功能及N-甲基-D-天(门)冬氨酸(NMDA)受体表达的影响。方法 33只清洁级雄性SD大鼠,适应性喂养1周后,随机取11只作为正常对照组,其余大鼠用于建立2型糖尿病模型。采用小剂量链脲佐菌素45 mg/kg腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病模型,非同日两次测得的随机血糖>16.7 mmol/L为造模成功。将模型大鼠随机分为持续高血糖组(n=11)和血糖波动组(n=11),2型糖尿病模型成功后,血糖波动组大鼠皮下注射普通胰岛素2次/d,诱导血糖波动大鼠模型。比较三组大鼠的潜伏期、潜伏期距离、穿越平台次数及12周后大鼠海马组织中NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达。结果 血糖波动组大鼠的潜伏期长于正常对照组和持续高血糖组,持续高血糖组大鼠的潜伏期长于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);血糖波动组大鼠的潜伏期距离长于正常对照组和持续高血糖组,持续高血糖组大鼠的潜伏期距离长于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);血糖波动组大鼠穿越平台次数少于正常对照组和持续高血糖组,持续高血糖组大鼠穿越平台次数少于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);血糖波动组大鼠海马组织中的NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达水平低于正常对照组和持续高血糖组,持续高血糖组大鼠海马组织中的NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达水平低于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 血糖波动比持续高血糖更能加重大鼠认知功能的损害。糖尿病大鼠海马组织NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达量降低,且血糖波动同持续高血糖相比,NR2B亚基mRNA表达量降低更加明显。

[关键词]2型糖尿病大鼠模型;血糖波动;学习和记忆;潜伏期;潜伏期距离;N-甲基-D-天(门)冬氨酸受体

[中图分类号] R332          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)10(c)-0020-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of blood glucose fluctuation on cognitive function and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor expression in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods Thirty-three male clean Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly selected 11 ones for normal control group after one week of adaptive feeding. The rest were used to establish the type 2 diabetic rats model. A model of type 2 diabetes mellitus was established by intraperitoneal injection of a low-dose streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). The standard of successful modeling was the value of glucose >16.7 mmol/L measured randomly twice a day. After that, rats were randomly divided into persistent hyperglycemia group (n=11) and glucose fluctuation group (n=11). After successful type 2 diabetes model, rats in the blood glucose fluctuation group were subcutaneously injected with insulin twice a day to induce the blood glucose fluctuation rat model. The latency, latency distance, number of plateau crossings and the expression of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit in hippocampus of rats after 12 weeks were compared among the three groups. Results The latent period of the rats in the glucose fluctuation group was longer than that in the normal control group and the persistent hyperglycemia group, the latency of the rats in the persistent hyperglycemia group was longer than that in the normal control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The latency of the blood glucose fluctuation group was longer than that of the normal control group and the persistent hyperglycemia group, the latency of the rats in the persistent hyperglycemic group was longer than that in the normal control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The number of crossing platform in the blood glucose fluctuation group was fewer than that in the normal control group and the persistent hyperglycemia group, the number of crossing platform in the persistent hyperglycemic group was fewer than that in the normal control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression level of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit mRNA in hippocampal tissues of the glucose fluctuation group was lower than that of the normal control group and the persistent hyperglycemia group, the expression level of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit mRNA in the hippocampus of the persistent hyperglycemic group was lower than that of the normal control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Glucose fluctuation can aggravate cognitive impairment in rats more than persistent hyperglycemia. The expression of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit in hippocampus of diabetic rats is decreased, and the expression of NR2B subunit is decreased more significantly than that of persistent hyperglycemia.

[Key words] Type 2 diabetic rat model; Glucose fluctuation; Learning and memory; Latency; Distance of latent period; N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor

糖尿病是一种以血葡萄糖升高为特征的慢性代谢性疾病,主要表现为持续碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质代谢功能紊乱,糖尿病及其引发的慢性并发症给社会和家庭带来沉重的心理及经济负担。大量研究显示[1-4],糖尿病会损害中枢神经系统,临床上不仅表现为认知功能障碍,而且易促进大脑形态结构和生理结构发生改变。海马组织是人及高等动物学习和记忆不可或缺的神经结构之一,一方面其参与记忆的编碼,另一方面其参与记忆再现的加工过程[2-8]。

1材料与方法

1.1实验用动物

33只清洁级雄性SD大鼠购自北京科奥协力动物有限公司,卫生许可证号是SCXK(京)2009-0012。实验过程严格遵守《实验动物福利与动物实验科学》[9]。

1.2主要试剂和仪器

Trizol试剂(宝生物工程(大连)有限公司,批号:15596-026),链脲佐菌素(美国Sigma公司,批号:V900890-1G),反转录试剂盒(宝生物工程(大连)有限公司,批号:RP1105)等。Morris水迷宫系统(由XR-XM101型图像采集分析软件、摄像头等组成,购自北京硕林苑科技有限公司),T100型Thermal CyclerPCR仪(日本Bioer公司)。

1.3方法

33只清洁级雄性SD大鼠,适应性喂养1周后,随机取11只作为正常对照组,其余大鼠用于建立2型糖尿病模型。采用小剂量链脲佐菌素45 mg/kg腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病模型,非同日两次测得的随机血糖>16.7 mmol/L为造模成功。将模型大鼠随机分为持续高血糖组(n=11)和血糖波动组(n=11),2型糖尿病模型成功后,血糖波动组大鼠皮下注射普通胰岛素2次/d,诱导血糖波动大鼠模型。正常对照组及持续高血糖组腹腔注射0.9%生理盐水,持续高血糖组和血糖波动组大鼠继续给予高糖高脂饲料,正常对照组给予普通饲料,饲养12周,持续高血糖组存活10只,死亡1只(死于感染),血糖波动组存活9只,死亡2只(死于低血糖)。

1.4观察指标及评价标准

比较三组大鼠的潜伏期、潜伏期距离、穿越平台次数及大鼠海马组织中N-甲基-D-天(门)冬氨酸(NMDA)受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达。①12周后采用Morris水迷宫对大鼠学习和记忆能力进行评估,包括潜伏期、潜伏期距离及穿越平台次数等。②断头法处死SD大鼠,解剖分离出海马组织,采用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测大鼠海马组织中NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA的表达。

1.5统计学方法

采用统计学软件SPSS 19.0分析数据,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素分析,两两比较采用t检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2结果

2.1三组大鼠潜伏期、潜伏期距离的比较

血糖波动组大鼠的潜伏期长于正常对照组和持续高血糖组,持续高血糖组大鼠的潜伏期长于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);血糖波动组大鼠的潜伏期距离长于正常对照组和持续高血糖组,持续高血糖组大鼠的潜伏期距离长于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表1)。

2.2三组大鼠穿越平台次数的比较

血糖波动组大鼠的穿越平台次数少于正常对照组和持续高血糖组,持续高血糖组大鼠的穿越平台次数少于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表2)。

2.3三组大鼠海马组织中NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达水平的比较

血糖波动组大鼠海马组织中的NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达水平低于正常对照组和持续高血糖组,持续高血糖组大鼠海马组织中的NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达水平低于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)(图1、表3)。

3讨论

海马是中枢神经系统的重要结构,NMDA受体数量和结构的改变会影响学习和记忆能力,可能由于应激引起神经活动的改变,神经末梢释放不同的神经递质,导致NMDA受体表达下降。NMDA受体由NR1、NR2(A、B、C、D)、NR3(A、B)3类同源性亚基组成[10-13]。NR2亚基为调节亚基,包含多个基因家族;其分布呈区域性,NR2A、NR2B主要分布在端脑,突触外NMDA受体主要含有NR2B,NR2B亚基与学习记忆能力关系亦十分密切[14]。

本研究结果显示,血糖波动组大鼠海马组织中的NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达水平低于正常对照组和持续高血糖组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。提示血糖波动能降低NR2B亚基的表达。当NR2B mRNA表达下降会影响NMDA受体的数量,导致可塑性突触形成异常,可塑性突触是信息储存的场所,信息储存异常会导致学习和记忆能力下降,因此NR2B亚基表达下降会诱发认知功能障碍。此外,NMDA受体数量减少,使Ca2+内流减少,从而阻碍了长时程增强,进一步阻碍了学习和记忆能力的形成。因此,NR2B亚基表达下降与大鼠学习和记忆能力平行。血糖波动组大鼠认知功能损害严重,表现以NR2B亚基下调为主要特点,从而加速了糖尿病认知功能障碍的发生发展[15-17]。

综上所述,血糖波动对2型糖尿病大鼠的认知功能损害较为严重,NMDA受体是学习记忆能力的主要受体,NMDA受体亚基的功能主要集中于NR2B亚基,NR2B亚基表达量的大幅度下降,进一步显示血糖波动通过影响NR2B亚基的表达来加重认知功能障碍[18]。因此很好地控制2型糖尿病患者血糖波动有利于延缓认知功能障碍的发生,对于糖尿病患者医护人员要正规的指导其口服药物及胰岛素使用方法,尽量避免出现大幅度的血糖波动,同时对糖尿病患者是否应早期给予抗痴呆药物及认知康复治疗,尽可能延缓痴呆发生的年龄,需进行更深入地研究。

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(收稿日期:2018-10-08  本文编辑:刘克明)

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